Pyrene Case Study

The resultant spectrum is usually a graph of intensity of emitted or absorbed radiation versus wavelength or frequency. The spectra used in spectroscopy varies from ultra-violet, visible, infra red ranges. The wavelength range for the three spectra are 0-400, 400-700 and above. In short, spectroscopy use to gain insight into the structure of molecules or the concentration of atoms or molecules in a sample. The chemists use infrared radiation to determine the structure of a new molecule, geologists uses ultraviolet radiation to determine the concentration of particular element in rock or

For an example, the eclipsed conformation of ethane has extra 2.9 kcal/mol of energy compared to staggered conformation of ethane. This is due to the torsional strain. Torsional strain can be also defined as eclipsing strain. It arises from the repulsive force between the electron clouds in the Carbon-Hydrogen bonds which are not sharing an atom and cause the increase of potential energy since the bonds are closed to each other in eclipsed conformer. 1.0 CONFORMATIONAL STEREOISOMERS OF BUTANE Butane can be presented in an infinite number of conformations.

Observe and describe the effect of different wavelengths on speed of electrons emitted. 2. Observe and describe the effect of different levels of intensity on number of electrons emitted. 3. Select different elements of sodium, zinc, copper, platinum, and calcium.

The formation of the nitro group is possible because it is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The creation of the nitronium ion is shown below: The reaction with the nitronium ion with bromobenzene creates three products instead of one. Depending on where the nitronium group or the alpha complexes of the reaction is on the ring, determines whether the product will be meta, para or ortho. The energy required for ortho and para positions are much lower than if the atom is in a meta position. The reaction below illustrates the different products that can be formed: The bromine atom that is present in the reaction is an ortho-para director because it favors the formation of the product to be either ortho or para instead of being in a meta position.

This melting point data confirms that isomerization occurred, since the melting point of dimethyl maleate is only -17℃, while the melting point of dimethyl fumarate is 102-105℃. This also highlights the fact that diastereomers have different chemical properties, such as melting point. Since the experimental melting point range almost overlaps with the expected range, there is little error in this measurement. The small amount of error could have occurred from the MelTemp temperature rising too quickly, leading to errors when reading the

A molecule that absorbs LCP and RCP differently is considered as optically active or chiral molecule. At light wavelengths that can be absorbed by a chiral molecule, Circular dichroism is occur. Absorption may occur at different extents (e.g., 90% of R-CPL and 88% of L-CPL may absorbed by chiral chromophore). The primary spectroscopic property measured by CD spectrometer is the Chirascan.

Real deviation:-This deviation from the law occurs at high concentration of the absorbing species. The absorptivity ε of the solution changes with concentration depending on the refractive index η of the solution and since refractive index varies considerably at concentration higher than 10-3 M, absorptivity also varies. Beer-Lambert law is based on the assumption of an incident beam of monochromatic radiation and even the best monochromator system provides only polychromatic beam of radiation spread over a few wavelengths. 2. Chemical deviation: - This deviation occurs due to presence of more than one absorbing species in the sample.

1.1 Abstract The purpose of quantitative analysis of protein using a spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of proteins in a given sample. The experiment is conducted by laboratory method (Biuret Test) and using spectrophotometer to analyze the absorbance of reactants at 540 nm, hence determining the concentration of the proteins in a given sample. The purpose of stopped enzyme assay to study B-galactosidase is to determine the effect of temperature and concentrations of substrate on enzyme activity.

This method works particularly well for aliphatic aldehydes and thiourea and produces high overall yields of the desired compound.21 Scheme-4: There are several combinatorial approaches towards DHPMs have been advanced using solid phase. In the solid-phase modifications of the Biginelli condensation, the urea component is linked to the solid support via the amide nitrogen, which invariably leads to the formation of N1-functionalized

The photolysis of the azirine with the shortwavelength light (>300 nm) caused the C-C bond cleavage of the 2H-azirine ring to produce the nitrile ylide.31 The C,C-dicyanoketenimines were generated by flash vacuum thermolysis of ketene N,S-acetals or by thermal or photochemical decomposition of alpha-azido-beta-cyanocinnamonitrile. In the latter reaction, 3,3-dicyano-2-phenyl-1-azirine 12 is also formed. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-halo- 2H-azirines with potassium phthalimide and aniline allowed the preparation of substituted 2H-azirines.

The slightly negative end of another hydrogen chloride particle will become attracted to the other end of the particle which has a slight positive charge. Therefore the two dipoles will become drawn together because the electrons are not shared between the two particles of hydrogen chloride. The melting point of hydrogen chloride is -85.05 Celsius however water has a boiling point of 100 degrees. Therefore this proves that hydrogen bonding in water is more powerful than hydrogen chloride because water is more polar than HCL . Water has a higher boiling water because more energy is needed to break the water molecules apart in hydrogen chloride.

The goal of this experiment was to isolate three different molecules (acidic, basic, and neutral) from a mixture and identify their molecular structure. This was accomplished by using acid/base liquid extraction and H NMR analysis. The neutral component of the unknown mixture #191 was fluorenone. This was evident due to an H NMR spectra that had a high presence of hydrogen signals in the 7.2- 7.7 ppm range. Chemical shift values for fluorenone stated in the lab manual were 7.27, 7.47, 7.48, and 7.6 (CITE), indicating that the corresponding H NMR spectra for the neutral unknown is of this chemical.