Radiation is the process where energetic particles or energy travel through the medium. Human senses cannot sense radiation, so the instruments that detect radiations are developed. Radiation of many types is widely used for non-destructive inspection and testing such as in medical diagnosis, industrial inspection, and in many other field. There are some daily life examples such as microwaves used to cook food, radio waves for radio and television, light etc. In such applications radiation detector play an important role. These detectors are known as Radioactivity counter. Radioactivity counters are the instruments used for detecting the presence of radiations by means of the ionizing effect on an enclosed gas that results in a pulse that is amplified and fed to a device giving either visible or audible indication. Types of radioactivity counters In the field of radiation detectors, the two most popular designs are …show more content…
Sodium-Iodide is a common type of a material which can be used for this purpose. The light which produces from the scintillation process is reflected through a clear window. There it interacts with the device which is called a “photomultiplier tube”. The photomultiplier tube is the first part of the instrument. It is made up of another special material called as “photocathode”. The electrons are produced by the photocathode when light strikes its surface. These electrons are then passes through a series of plates called dynodes. When electrons from the photocathode passes through the first dynode, several electrons are produced. This "bunch" of electrons is then passes to the next dynode, where electron "multiplication" occurs and more electrons are formed. The procedure continues till it reaches the last dynode. The electron pulse is now millions of times larger than they were present in the beginning of the
Radiometer- an instrument for detecting or measuring the intensity or force of radiation. 18. Thermal creep- more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods, and generally increases as they near their melting point. 19.
The State called as an expert witness C. Michael Hoffman, an employee of the United States Treasury Department, experienced in the examination of physical evidence by neutron activation analysis. The process, "is fundamentally one where the material to be analyzed is first made radioactive so that it will give off or emit radiation in the form of gamma rays. This radioactive sample is then exposed to a scintillation crystal; and every time a gamma ray interacts with the crystal, it emits a flash of light, which is transformed into an electrical pulse whose voltage is proportional to the energy of the gamma rays. An electronic device will then sort the electrical impulses into different energy groups and will add up the pulses in each group. The results are then graphed on an oscilloscope screen.
The Manhattan Project might have ended in 1947, but its effects lasted far past that (Palmer “The Long Shadow Of The Manhattan Project Part I: The Atom Bomb And Science”). One of its more prominent effects was the Atomic age when thousands of nuclear weapons were created and tested including the hydrogen bomb (“The Development and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”). To this day, the hydrogen bomb is the most powerful nuclear weapon, with the energy of 15,000 kilotons of TNT (Palmer “The Long Shadow Of The Manhattan Project Part I: The Atom Bomb And Science”). The Atomic age was also included the Cold War, when Russia and America competed fiercely in a nuclear arms race, though they never actually fought with the weapons (Majerol “The Atom
Following WWII, in 1945, the division of Korea was initiated. The Soviet Union established a pro-communist government on the Northside of Korea and Americans created a pro-democratic government on the Southside of Korea. After the division, known as the 38th parallel, occurred, North Korea began to attack again. This attack consisted of both the South and North pushing each other farther from the 38th parallel until the Chinese troops drove them back to the 38th parallel. The United States and The Soviet Union knew the war was not going anywhere but still persisted to continue.
During WWII there were many deaths and terrible battles but the worst of all of them was America dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This tactic of bombing a city was the wrong decision by America, it was completely barbaric and was an act of total war something no country should ever use. The main issues with this decision was that it wasn’t an attack on a military base like Pearl Harbor but it was an attack on a populated city and Japan was prepared to surrender because they knew America and the Allied Powers would win the war. The main argument others have is that the Atomic bomb saved lives by creating a fast end to the war so it wouldn’t be strung out resulting in more deaths on both sides but Japan was prepared to surrender
During World War II, two atomic bombs were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was done in an attempt to have the Japanese surrender to the allied powers. After and during the war, many people were debating the dropping of the bombs. While both sides had their opinions, not dropping the bomb had the most to back it up. For instance, people discussed the dangerous military and political implications with such a weapon, the number of casualties, and how destructive it was.
“The Nuclear Waste” In the essay “Nuclear Waste” author Richard A. Muller the main point is the danger of nuclear waste and how politics and Scientific are handling the situation. Politicians and scientists are in favor of more research to found out answers because they both share the responsibility for the nuclear waste. There are many discuss nuclear waste whether you are pro-nuke or anti-nuke and how dangerous could be. An interesting fact is that Muller claims that Colorado River water is more dangerous than storing the nuclear waste also that uranium will progressively become less radioactive.
In “Nuclear Waste” by Richard A. Muller, he expresses his concerns about radioactive material in Yucca Mountain that will be left behind for thousands of years and the unfamiliar dangers that we face. He starts by stating that nuclear waste is one of the biggest issues that our government faces even though they highly follow their “safe” nuclear waste disposal. He stresses how the government prototype nuclear waste facility at Yucca Mountain is supposed to be so safe, but they built it on a site that was created by volcanic activity. Scientist have contemplated many different ways to dispose of nuclear waste, but they all seem like the worse than their previous ideas and some still are considering more nuclear power. After his intense evaluation
Was America right to use atomic weapons against Japan? The dropping of the atomic bomb in Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was the end of WWII. However, there has been much conflict considering the use of the bomb. In this essay, I will discuss reasons from both sides of the argument and justify my opinion.
Imagine that there is a decision to be made to launch the atomic bomb or not. The bomb was launched but was it justified? Years ago during WWll, a scientist Albert Einstein sent a letter to the president. It said that Germany was creating a bomb that would cause major destruction and the United States had to make one as well. Scientists started making the bomb and it became the Project Manhattan.
Public Health Problem Radiation is described as energy that is commonly found in x-rays, nuclear power plants, radioactive materials, sunlight, and in many more sources according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 2015). It can be used as a tool to diagnose and treat diseases. Although there are benefits of radiation, great exposure to radiation is a concern that may be linked to mutations, health problems, and even cancer. This is a problem in today’s society due to the social norms that influence the youth on beauty standards, which can lead to different forms of health issues.
1. Write a brief introduction about the diagnostic imaging modality. Nuclear medicine is a section of medical imaging that uses radioactive medication known as radiotracers or radiopharmaceutical (Understanding nuclear medicine, 2009). Radiotracers are given to the patient through injection, swallowing or inhalation, which makes the body radioactive for a short time. The radiation is detected by a special camera, and then the image is produced.
The machine first receives the high energy electromagnetic wave from the Sun (in this case, its X-ray and UV) and has it colliding with a free electron. Then, the photon transfers some of its energy to the free electron. Therefore, the photo becomes less harmful and since the energy goes into increasing the electron’s kinetic energy which then generates electricity.
Background Information: The spectrophotometer is an
Calorimeter helped many generations to measure the quantity of heat using different types of devices; also they followed a specific procedure and equations to find out quantitative