Intra-Sentential Code Switching

This chapter discussed about literature review which include an overview of code switching, types of code switching and reasons of code switching.

2.1 Definitions of Code Switching

Christine Hogan (2007) define code switching as alternating between one or more languages or dialects in mid-sentence between people who have more than one language in common. Similarly, Milroy and Musyken (1995) define code-switching as the alternative used by bilinguals of two or more languages in the same conversation.

Code switching is a common practice in bilingual communities. Orit Shay (2015) cited Muysken (1995) in his study, it was found that code-switching is a quite normal form of bilingual interaction, requiring a great deal of bilingual competence. People who code-switch usually are bilinguals or from different cultural backgrounds. Some

Metaphorical or conversational code-switching

In metaphorical code switching, it works as a conversational strategy to assist conversational acts such as an apology, request, complaint or refusal.

While, Poplack (1980) classified the occurrence of code switching into intersentential switching, intrasentential switching and tag switching:

1. Inter-sentential Code Switching:

In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This is seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers.

2. Intra-sentential Code Switching:

In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses indicating a shift. The speaker is usually unaware of the shift. Different types of switch occur within the clause level including within the word level. Some researchers call it also code mixing.

3. Tag Code Switching:

There is an insertion of a tag from one language into an utterance which is form another language. For example,

2.3 Reasons of Code Switching

Holmes (2013) has listed five main reasons of code-switching;

1. Participants, solidarity and