CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter reviews some related literature including speech acts, illocutionary act, speech act of apology, apology strategies, connotation, context and previous studies.
2.1 Speech Acts
According to Levinson (1983: 236) speech acts is doing things by uttering something. Thus, people are using certain words to perform communicative action in real world context. For example, when we say, “this room is very hot” we wish to achieve the goal of having the intended hearers helping us turning the air conditioner or opening the window. The principle of speech act theory is by saying something, we actually doing something. In other words, speech acts means an utterance that has performative function in languages and communication.
Moreover, Austin (1975) states that utterances can perform three kinds of act. First, locutionary act is the act of saying something or producing a series of sounds which mean something. Second, the illocutionary act is a performance of an act in saying something as opposed to performance of an act such as informing, ordering, and warning. The last is perlocutionary act that produces some effects upon thoughts, feeling, or actions of audiences.
2.2 Classification of Illocutionary Acts
Searle (1975) classifies illocutionary acts into five ways: declaratives, representatives, commisives, directives, and expressive.
1. Declaratives are speech acts in which the world having immediate changes via the utterances such
In Act Two, Dr. Patricia Deegan described her experience with hearing voices as a profoundly auditory experience. As a child, she normalized the experience believing everyone else heard voices as well. I found this perspective to be reasonable because it is common for individuals to compare their experiences to those around themselves. For example, in our mood disorder lecture we talked about how those diagnosed with major depressive disorder have thoughts similar to “Everyone around me seems to have it together, and I still have no idea what is going on." Overall, the podcast influenced me to reflect on how I interpret my own thoughts and emotions.
Finding the fact that children from the age of “twelve to twenty years” are subject to labor heartbreaking. Florence Kelley’s speech, given at the National American Woman Suffrage Association, uses a variety of rhetorical strategies to turn the hearts of the audience against child labor, along with strengthening the argument for women’s suffrage. She does this to ultimately to argue that when women can vote, they will put a stop to child labor. While other rhetorical strategies, such as logos and ethos, serve mainly to impress the audience’s reason.
This speech by Florence Kelley is filled with numerous rhetorical strategies. Giving her speech in Philadelphia, she touched the hearts of many. Appealing to the emotions of the other women in the audience, Kelley got her point across. She despised child labor as she felt it was dangerous and inappropriate. By using rhetorical strategies such as imagery, anaphora, and forced teaming, she engages the right audience (women attending the suffrage convention) whom were already seeking change.
After World War II, civil rights became an increasingly important topic in American politics. The landmark case of Plessy v. Ferguson had set a precedent for legal segregation and Jim Crow laws thrived in the South. Racism ran rampant across the country, affecting the lives of millions. This become increasingly problematic as America tried to convert more nations to democracy but lacked equality at home. President Harry S. Truman recognized this issue, and acknowledged that we could not support democracy in other countries while we allowed legal racism at home.
The article discusses how these are not crimes that are being committed, rather, these are crimes that are only being discussed. This raises the question of whether or not the United States is overcriminilizing speech. The article argues that in order for these crimes to seriously be considered as a criminal offense, the government needs to create an objective way of qualifying what is and
Today, millions of women can implement their rights to vote in all elections in the united states of America, but this (rights) did not come easily to those women who sacrifice their lives to make this happen. In the speech “Address to Congress on Women’s Suffrage”, Catt delivered her message for women’s right from a firsthand account of what she had experienced as a woman living in the United States of America in the 19th century. She advocated for the rights of women to vote because she believes in equal rights and justice for all citizens. The speech was very successful because of the use of ethos, pathos, and logos.
Often in Smith’s speech she manifests simple anaphoras on the sentence level to portray her personal opinion. The three different anaphoras Smith establishes to shed light on her dispositions, are “I think that it is high time,”, “I am not proud,” and “I condemn”. Each of these sets Smith up to display her discontent with the Senate and how she hopes for a more dignified regime in the future. Smith’s anaphora in the beginning of her speech, “I think that it is high time,” implements exaggeration of her vexation towards the issues within the Senate that have been present for far too long. When she places the “high” in front of “time” it forms a new meaning to her repetition.
The speech from 1905 given to the Philadelphia convention of the National American Women’s Suffrage association by Florence Kelley highlights the issue of child labor in poor working conditions that had to be changed. Kelley manipulates her sentences into a large variety of fluid syntax structures and displays a prolific use of shifting between quantitative evidence and short anecdotes along with sporadic yet organized placements of repetition; in using these devices, she persuades her audience to act on stopping these abhorrent roles placed onto young children. First, Kelley’s syntax structures are diverse and switch between conforming and nonconforming grammar in a relatively pleasant manner. In paragraph 2 from the sentence starting in line 10, she has constructed a long sentence with two independant clauses glued by a semicolon: first, a clause including a medium lengthed list stating examples of people in certain groups that “increase in the ranks of the breadwinners;” then, an emphasizing clause that begins with the conjunction “but.”
People have the tendency to take the First Amendment for granted, but some tend to use it to their favor. Stanley Fish presents his main argument about how people misuse this amendment for all their conflicts involving from racial issues to current political affairs in his article, Free-Speech Follies. His article involves those who misinterpret the First Amendment as their own works or constantly use it as an excuse to express their attitudes and desires about a certain subject matter. He expresses his personal opinions against those who consistently use the First Amendment as a weapon to defend themselves from harm of criticism.
Bill Clinton I Am Profoundly Sorry speech Partner Analyzing Essay An apology said right can bring forgiveness, said wrong can bring more remorse. Though it was effective, Bill Clinton's apology did not bring complete forgiveness. Bill Clinton’s remarkable “Profoundly Sorry” speech, which lead to the impeachment of the president, is effective because it uses repetition, ethos, and pathos.
In the years leading up to the American Revolution, there was a tense relationship between the colonists and their British rulers. Large gatherings in the colonies to discuss the grievances caused by the actions of the British were common. Patrick Henry applies the rhetorical strategies of allusions and repetition in his “Speech in the Virginia Convention” to assert that the colonists should believe fighting for their freedom and rights is necessary and that they must fight as soon as possible. Although Henry has rather radical beliefs in comparison to the other members of the Convention, he connects with them through religious and literary allusions that are able to convince them of his assertions. In his speech, Henry alludes to
Commonly when approaching a peer, teacher, or a stranger, the first phrase to be said is often a form of polite speech. Polite speech can be categorized by the use of phrases that show regards for others. With some people backing the sense that what is said is portrayed as literal speech, most of it is said for the sake of sounding welcoming and responsible. Having polite speech implemented into people’s day to day lives serves the function of creating a well developed impression of a person.
According to Socrates perspective, the democracy of Athens was corrupt and even though they courts were made in such a way that everyone was judged fairly, it wasn’t such because there were no rules or principles set forth. When a person was brought to court in the Athenian court and the person spoke against the jurors or offended them, he or she could be prosecuted based on that. In summary, judgment was passed based on emotion rather than on justice. In the Apology, Socrates stated, “my present request seems a just one, for you to pay no attention to my manner of speech-
Every day humans encounter rhetorical situations, yet hardly ever is a heated conversation or debate though of this way. Rhetoric, which is the art of conversation has been used for thousands of years across the world. Rhetorical situations constitute of four elements, the exigence, rhetor, audience, and constraints. All of these are equally the most important elements, because without each other the conversation would make no sense. The action or statement that sparks a discourse, or the exigence is one of the four constituents of a rhetorical analysis.