Research Methodology
This chapter will be based on the methodology used for carrying out this study. It will be answering the research questions in section 1. The research design will be presented as well as the research paradigm. The data collection tools will be studied and data analysis will be described. The reliability and validity of this study will also be described.
Introduction
Research is often seen as something which is very intense and difficult to carry out . It is an approach which uses a set of techniques to investigates a particular topic .There are many way of carrying out research . The most effective method is to plan and approach the topic in a systematic way . Research involves thinking choices about approaches and
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· Other people outside from the population defined may answer the questionnaire thus providing biased information.
· Organization may be unwilling to provide proper time allocation due to overload of work.
· Respondents may feel that the information they need to provide are confidential thus they refuses to participate in filling questionnaires.
· Employee can alter their behavior due to the presence of the researcher.
Such limitations may have huge consequences as by the reduction of the sampling size, the true population will not be reflected thus making this study biased. If data provided are biased, the result obtain will be biased therefore altering the true result and the objectives of this study will not be met
.Validity and Reliability
Validation is an important cornerstone of research in social sciences, and is a symbol of research quality and rigor (Cook and Campbell 1979; Shadish 2002). Validity refers to the extent to which the research measure what it intend to measure. It is important for the quantitative research on internal
1. Create an applied research project. a. Identify what type of applied analysis you would be conducting (process evaluation, outcome evaluation, needs assessment, or combination of any of these). This is a needs assessment analysis that targeted an old model of issuing identification cards to abuse victims trying to leave their abuser, which was problematic because of the time it took to issue the cards and the methods it employed requiring the victims to prove who they are. This assessment, evaluation of an old government model was to determine if the new model was more effective than the old model for this particular program and if the officials tasked with issuing new and or replacement identification to the women and their families
307). Fittingness, credibility, and auditability will be a better fit and more appropriate for qualitative studies (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 125). Fittingness gives a detailed description of the participants’ daily lives to prove the relevance of the research findings and can be used for relatable research and theory development (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). When adequate information is provided for the evaluation of data analysis, an accurate and in depth description of research findings are made which demonstrates fittingness. Credibility allows the researcher to verify their interpretations and accuracy of their perspective by returning for further interviews with the participants (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126).
Another problem is if you are doing a telephone survey or something related, the customer might not have time to answer the questions and may possibly give false information or might not be happy with the amount of questions being asked and the questionnaire most likely will not be
Since the advent of the personal computer, the amount of information and interconnectedness between people has dramatically increased. With one click of a button someone could go from checking the scores of their favorite football team to conversing with a friend anywhere in the world. In “Is Google Making Us Stupid” by Nicholas Carr, he explores the consequences of the massive amounts of information one can obtain via the internet. While I agree with Carr on the effects the internet has on how people read, there is a limit to the amount of people the internet actually affects.
I have grown as an academic student in college and career readiness, as displayed through my English 101 class. This was my third college class on the campus of Los Angeles Mission College, so I thought I was prepared and ready. Yet in my English 101 class I had to come up with my own prompts for my essays and merely came into class to listen to lectures on the basics of English. This was the first class that the teacher did not give me the rules on what to do for the assignment, I had to come up with it myself. Professor Diaz-Cooper did not hand out How-To papers or grading rubrics - she expected us to know and acquire all this information on our own.
The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 18. Frequencies, cross tabulation, Pearson’s, chi-square test, ANOVA were used to analyze the data. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically
This assignment includes; Strengths, examples and weaknesses of the following psychological research; Bandura et al, Skinner & Loftus and Palmer. In order discuss and come to a conclusion as to why ecological validity is important in psychological research. It is important to note that; Ecological validity is the degree to which behaviours reflect the behaviours of everyday life. In Chapter 3 Bandura et al demonstrated whether children were witnesses to an aggressive display of play.
Introduction Psychological research and its findings have profound impact on people, relationships, and institutions in our society (Willig, 2013). However, as any other study, psychological researchers are faced with enormous limitations including inappropriate designs or methodologies due inadequacy of professionals (Wang, et al., 2015), geographical differences that impacts on generalizations (Smith, 2015), and time pressure that negatively affects the quality of a research (Punch, et al., 2014). Language barrier and lack of literature or poorly done review are other factors that affect psychological research (Willig, 2013). Limitations Limited number of professionals in the psychological research is one of the key limitations to this field of study. Psychological research depends on observations, experimentation, and evidence, hence the need for critical methodological designs (Shipman, 2014).
In Discourse on Method, by Rene Descartes, when Descartes describes his three methods that go toward ones provisional morality, one can see the comparisons in the “unspoken moral code” and the three maxims. I believe that not only do these maxims apply to everyone but they are in fact still applicable in today's time. For the first maxim, to obey the laws and customs of one's own country (Descartes, 19), it goes without saying that everyone is taught from an early age you must follow the rules to be considered a good person that contributes to society. Along with it being a personal moral code it seems that everyone has adopted this line of thinking to guide judgments and stray from unethical behavior. For example, since the law states you have to follow the speed limit if you were caught breaking that regulation you are given a ticket to try and deter the criminal behavior.
Research philosophy Research philosophy lay down the background of how researchers understand the world, the choice of research philosophy reflect our knowledge, experiences, preconceptions, and research capability. Thus our knowledge, experiences and etc., which underpin the philosophy choice, will determine our research paradigm, strategy, design and method. (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 128-129).
Applicants can practise taking them, and even be coached on them to get a better score. When candidates complete a recruitment questionnaire, their answers can be influenced by what is quaintly known as “motivational distortion”. Consciously or subconsciously they may recognise the types of behaviours that the organisation is looking for and their answers reflect that perception rather than their own personality. When this happens, the results of the questionnaire may be unreliable or even misleading.
The term Research Methodology refers to a set of procedures, methods & techniques that are put together by the researchers to obtain a solution to the problems they confront during the collection of data. The researchers look for the most crucial data which is inevitable for the research. Generally there are three kinds of approaches or research methods namely Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed. These methods are used to gather data and resolve issues that emerge during the process of data gathering. The researcher can bring forward his findings either in the form of quantitative or qualitative or mixed research methodologies only when the data is collected based on the preliminary data gathering process and the secondary data gathering process.
Chapter two; Literature Review The entire research journey is based on few important steps which can also be recognized as research process involving certain measures; to be carried out effectively. This process includes (Library, 2015); 1. Framing of a particular research question 2. searching and examining the relevant literature studies 3. Management of the accumulated search data 4.
In quantitative research, variables are identified and defined, and then relevant data is collected from study participants. A strength of this type of research is that the data is in numeric form, making it easier to interpret. It also studies the relationship between independent and dependent variables and can address questions such as does a relationship between variables exist, what is the direction of the relationship, how strong is the relationship between the variables, and what is the nature of the relationship. To be able to discover and answer the cause-and-effect relationship is a strength of quantitative research. Lastly, in quantitative research, the study can either be experimental or nonexperimental, meaning clinical trial or observational study, allowing for different types of research studies to be conducted.
Secondly, a methodology that describes the collection of data included together with highlights of limitations and thirdly key findings analysed and interpreted followed by some useful recommendations. Finally some future directions for research have been