Introduction:
Residential mobility changes over time, and brings changes to social structures and cultures of a city (Oishi 2010). Atlanta has witnessed an incredible urban expansion, racial re-composition, and migration patterns over decades. Atlanta’s experience is an example of how urban growth is intertwined with a complex mix of Race, Ethnicity, migration and social inequality factors in the United States. A micro level longitudinal study will help to understand how these complex relations among race, social inequalities and urban development are shaping urban landscapes of American cities.
Methods: We use 1990, 2000 and 2010 US census block, tract and county level demographic data for the counties of Atlanta metro area. We also use the Panel for Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data from 1968 to 2011 to
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Hotspots expanded predominantly to the east and south during the last two decades. Both Black and White suburbanization expanded in opposite directions; Whites spread in the north and the Blacks suburbanization was in the South. The Dissimilarity Index indicated that census tracts in the counties of Paulding, Cobb, DeKalb, and Gwinnett have lower dissimilarity in their population. PSID Migration data indicated that in the early decades Black people tend to move to predominantly black neighborhoods, in the recent decades however, black people are showing increased preference to move to more diverse places in Atlanta. Whites preferred to move to predominantly white neighborhoods. However, in the recent decades, majority of White people moving from high density black neighborhoods moved to similar type of
Instead, most black adults that live in Philadelphia moved there from other places, the majority of them from the South. However, 83% of kids who lived in Philadelphia were born there. The purpose of this document is to show that blacks are moving into major cities, like Philly, to start their families in an effort to build a better life for themselves, disproving the misconception that blacks have lived in Philadelphia for a long time and were not moving throughout the US. White farmers who moved West also had a significant impact on the US due to numerous economic issues and policies.
we still have today and which someone knowledgeable on the situation would call “ghettoization” (Jackson). Massey and Denton’s book, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, hits strong on this topic of “residential segregation”. Massey and Denton, both went hand and hand with what Jackson was saying. This is a well organized, well-written and greatly researched book.
According to William Julius Wilson in When Jobs Disappear the transition from the institutional/Communal Ghetto to the Jobless/Dark Ghetto was driven by economic transformations in American from the late 1960’s to the 1990’s. While for Logic Waquant in Urban Outsiders, thought the economic factors were significant; the political factors were more impact. William Julius Wilson most studied about south side of Chicago it’s a classical example of inner city its wasn’t like before in the 1960’s it’s was a community and by the late 70’s the community was gone. According to Wilson, even though it’s was gone the community was not even a wealth community its was a poor community the majority member of that community where indeed Black American
By the 1980’s, Atlanta was rapidly expanding past the point of containment, and quickly exploded with a mass immigration of penniless merchants. It wasn’t until 1993, with the construction of Georgia 400 was Atlanta alleviated from this rapid migration into the city (Huff). Georgia 400 offered the citizens of Atlanta, primarily those who could afford the new BMW 325i convertible, an escape from all the caged madness that was offered by overpopulation such as longer wait times at The Varsity or an extended five minutes to their trips to The Fox Theatre. In time, many of the Bentley owners migrated away from the crowding city and took their precious tax dollars away to invest into other counties. West Forsyth High School and the other schools in Forsyth now began to provide students with a library and could build a football field.
One of the most important characteristics of modern Georgia around 1980 is how everyone at this point started to live life on a normal with less racial issues happening. Georgia started to develop as a state that can flourish. In the 1980’s the Suburban Growth and development continued to increase at a rapid pace. More American no matter the color of their skin moved into Atlanta. Were the people moved so did the business and retail industries?
Document A Businesses went from low income friendly to high-income friendly. Low-income housing decreased in Woodward from 1995-2012 -Social housing increased from 1995 to 2012 It would have been better to live in Woodward in 1995 because the properties are low income friendly and more people have the opportunity to live there. Many people in Woodward in 1995 would be put in the stereotype that low-income people are committing crimes Gentrification is not okay because many people in the world have issues with finances.
One of which was Detroit. The city had an increase in population significantly but there was not enough housing to cater to the mass influx of new migrants. African Americans had to endure discriminatory behavior in housing and employment. They had compete with rural white southern migrants as well as immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, for lower class jobs which no one else really wanted. Some of the patterns of racial and ethnic segregation persisted after other social discrimination had eased by the mid-20th century.
After recent protests in Baltimore, Badger (2016) explores the nature of policies set in the early 1900’s that have shaped the city of Baltimore, and that continue to have an effect on their quality of life. Actions such as redlining and urban renewal have perpetuated poverty and segregation in the same neighborhoods today as 75 year ago. This article calls attention to the effect of system-wide race discrimination in Baltimore, and how policies create a cyclical link between race and disadvantage in communities. Racial disparities across many subsystems have created a system of race discrimination in which it’s emergent effects implant uber discrimination into our culture and institutions (Reskin, 2012). Reskin (2012) explains how emergent discrimination intensifies disparities within each subsystem and creates systems of race discrimination.
The new development in progression today shows the idea of how marketable land around the city is and how diverse neighborhoods cause for better funding and better relationships between people of different ethnicities and cultures. Even though the Chicago Race Riots was a negative event, over the years its effects became positive. As a result of all the looting and burning down businesses, it gave the developers a chance to integrate new business ideas and housing plans to help advance the community in the future. This is one of the major historical events used today as a lesson taught to students to eliminate
Similarly, another significant population change within Inglewood took place during the 1960s, where a large number of the African American population began to live along its eastern borders (Waddingham 59). Additionally, the Hispanic population increased up to 134% percent since 1980 (Rae-Dupree 1). Both African American and Hispanic communities chose to reside in Inglewood because of its inland location, thereby making it much more affordable compared to other areas (and desirable for their pockets). Because of the migration of these two communities, the White population “dropped from nearly 21 percent in 1980 to 8.5 percent in 1990” (Rae-Dupree 2).
Wealth is one of the factors why residential segregation is an increasing problem. Golash- Boza explains, “Residential segregation happened when different groups of people are sorted into discount neighborhoods” (271). It is because of housing segregation
Lance Freeman, an associate professor of urban planning in Columbia, wanted to investigate if there was any displacement going on in two predominantly black neighborhoods that was briskly gentrifying. Much to his dismay, he couldn’t find any correlation between gentrification and displacement. What was surprising to Freeman was his discovery, “poor residents and those without a college education were actually less likely to move if they resided in gentrifying neighborhoods”. (Sternbergh, 19) Freeman adds, “The discourse on gentrification, has tended to overlook the possibility that some of the neighborhood changes associated with gentrification might be appreciated by the prior residents.” (Sternbergh, 19)
It is this displacement that causes segregation in cities like Cleveland, Ohio and Tuscaloosa, Alabama. However, if the meaning of gentrification is changed, and people work towards making sure the upper-income families and the underprivileged are able to live together in the same community, segregation would subside. As suggested
There are different factors that lead to the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance brought about great change. This was period a of cultural achievement for African American. The African American way of life became a well known lifestyle. The introduction of the uniqueness of art, jazz, literature and dancing became the new attraction.
Inspired by european city rebuilding projects, American cities started clearing away older neighborhoods and creating grand avenues with impressive buildings. The only problem with the growing population was finding housing for the new residents. In Document 6 Nash explains how urban geography changed with emerging central businesses, few people living downtown, middle class residential areas stretched out beyond working class neighborhoods, and the growth of the suburbs which led to better transportation. Many of the rich lived in palatial mansions in the heart of the city while the moderately well to do took advantage of less expensive land on the outer edges of the city thus leading to what was known as the growth of the suburbs. However the poor could not afford housing in the city or in the suburbs and this led to the growth of tenement housing.