Sherry Boschert's book "37 Words: Title IX and Fifty Years of Fighting Sex Discrimination" is an account of how women in higher education campaigned for and succeeded in getting Title IX passed, its implementation, and how it has effect gender inequality. The book provides a complete history of how feminists in the 60s’ and 70’s came together, fought for their rights, and got Title IX through legislation. Title IX is a significant turning point in gender equity in education as it ensures that women and girls have equal opportunities to participate in sports and other educational activities. However, even though Title IX was passed by President Nixon in 1972 and it has positively impacted millions of girls and women, gender inequality in education …show more content…
These episodes weren't one-off occurrences; rather, they were a part of a larger pattern of discrimination against women in the workplace. The National Organization for Women (NOW) and the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) are two organizations that Boschert cites as examples of how women started organizing to fight for their rights. As a result of their efforts, Title IX became a significant piece of legislation that addressed sexism. Initially overshadowed by other legal provisions, such as those relating to desegregation and bilingual education, Title IX was a component of the Education Amendments of 1972. Feminist activists like Bernice Sandler and Patsy Mink campaigned to ensure that Title IX was included in the final legislation because they saw the potential of the law to address sex discrimination in education. After Title IX was passed into law, schools and colleges were required to take action to make sure that they were not engaging in sex discrimination in any area of their operations, including athletics, admissions, and hiring. In cases where people felt they had been discriminated against, the law also established ways for them to make complaints. The passage of Title IX is a significant turning point in the struggle for gender equity in …show more content…
The law mandates that educational institutions give male and female athletes the same opportunity. This requires schools to offer equal chances for both sexes in terms of financial aid, physical facilities, coaching, and gear. The number of women's sports teams and the number of female athletes has increased exponentially as a result of Title IX. According to Boschert, from about 30,000 in 1972 to over 200,000 in the early 2000s, women were competing in intercollegiate athletics. However, there have been difficulties in implementing Title IX in athletics. One of the main complaints against Title IX is that in order to comply with its requirements, men's sports teams have been eliminated. The removal of men's teams has generated controversy because it has been claimed that doing so constitutes reverse discrimination. However, it's crucial to remember that Title IX only mandates organizations to give male and female athletes the same opportunity, not to abolish men's teams. Colleges have opted to do away with men's teams rather than make the necessary adjustments to guarantee equal financing and opportunity for both male and female athletes in order to comply with the law's criteria. The book recounts how, in 1979, Cornell University cut its men's gymnastics team and several other men's sports teams in order to comply with Title IX. Despite protests from male athletes and coaches, the
Case Name, Citation, Year Cook v. Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA), 09-cv-00547 M.D. Fla. (2009) Facts of the Case: On June 16, 2009 parents of female athletes at FHSAA member schools filed suit against the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida alleging that the newPolicy 6 discriminates against female students according to Title IX by reducing school participation in completions by 40 percent at the varsity level and 20 percent at the sub-varsity level. The plaintiffs also stated a complaint that male driven sports where exempt from this action because cheerleading was not recognized as a sport thus breaking the Title IX law. Issues: Why did Policy 6 reduced the number of competitions
Some argue that furthering options for female athletics would starve already successful men’s programs. This is, unfortunately, true to some extent. George F. Will writes in his article “A Train Wreck Called Title Ix” on the Newsweek website that colleges terminated over 400 men 's athletic teams to produce precise proportionality between the genders enrollments and participation in athletics. Although growing women’s athletics did cause some shortage in funding for men it is illogical to deny rights to one people group for the sake of having excess in another group. Female athletic programs were easy to blame for terminating some men’s programs, but if the funding were split more evenly between minor and major sports those programs might have
In the article titled Face-off on the playing field By, Judith B. Stamper explains girls have their own story of support or discrimination, success also the debate of girls be allowed to compete on boys’ sports team. First, the writer Title IX explains female athletes are been treated second-class for long enough and should pass of inequalities and biases of girls. The writer also clarifies that girls doing sports make them healthier, physically, and emotionally. Other girls that don’t play sports are less likely to use of drugs. In addition, she notes a former Stanford University basketball player Mariah says, strength and independence of things girls learn from sports, the opportunities that are changing women.
First of all, some argues that the tittle IX grants equal sporting opportunities for both male and female students; however, the inequality or unfair treatment for female athletic student still exists. At every high school or college, young female athletics are still facing with the discrimination on the playing field. Women and girls just receive only 42 percent of the opportunities to play sports in high school and college even though female were half of total students.
Title IX has had significant effects on women's sports and education. Originally, women were allowed to be on intermural teams and play on play days or sport days with various females on their team because no team roster was dictated. Through this opportunity, women were given a taste of competition and what they could be doing. DGWS was formed to promote female sports, train referees for women's sports, hold clinics for coaches, and dictate rules of the game for female sports. At this time, the focus of women's sports was about having fun and enjoying the sport, not about competing.
The legislation aimed to equalize the playing field by increasing funding and support for women in education. Title IX was not enacted to allow more women to play sports but to ensure that the women has equal access to education opportunities across the educational field. Indeed, the only mention of sports during congressional debates was “Oh, maybe now when a school holds its field day, there will be more activities for the girls.” (qtd. in Wulf)
Title IX reads. “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” (U.S. Department of Education). As understood in the world of college sports, Title IX requires equal participation opportunity for male and female athletes in proportion to overall campus population and interest. Schools do not have to spend the exact same amount of money on men’s and women’s sports (Hruby). They already sign coaches to drastically different contracts, so there is no reason that Title IX should withhold athletes from receiving just compensation.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” What is Title IX On June 23, 1972, Richard M. Nixon (the President at the time) signed Title IX of the Education Amendment, into decree. Title IX is a wide-ranging federal law that forbids discrimination based on sex in all federally sponsored education programs or activity’s. Title IX is a law that was put into effect in 1972, that entails gender equity for girls and boys in the United States educational programs that receives federal funding.
In addition, the opponents of Title IX might also agree that football should be withdrawn from the Title IX’s list as women do not play football. Nevertheless, before making the statements that a sport should be eliminated in the Title IX equation due the lack of one gender’s participation, one should consider other sports where there are only a small number of men compared to the women participants. Particularly in volleyballs and field hockey, they are males and females player. However in this case, men participants are outnumbered by the females athletes (Zimmerman). So, should volleyball and hockey be removed from Title IX privileges too?
Title IX has had a greater impact than just on the playing field, and other areas. Have you ever heard of the impact Title IX has had on the field? But have you ever heard of the impact it 's had on science, college campuses or even with sexual harassment? The first thing we 'll have to figure out would be the needs for Title IX.
Title nine requires athletic programs to be equivalent to enrollment. The number of sports programs for each sex should reflect the ratio of students enrolled in the school. With more women attending college the need for more sports programs has grown dramatically. I don’t want to get in a political discussion about schools who have cut men’s programs so I will only speak on schools who have added women’s programs. This opportunity has not only improved
Some aspects of Title IX will tell you which side you will decide on. Even though I think Title IX is fair to men and women some may disagree with me. They might say that since Title IX seems to be paying more attention to girls they tend to cut out equal rights for men such as playing sports.
Women would usually attribute discrimination to personnel or particular departments but did not view it as an institutional and systemic issue. Rose (2005) states, “ It is important to note that the emergence of political efforts to end sex discrimination emanated not from a large and organized women’s movement but from a small cadre of elites who had firsthand experiences with sex discrimination,” (p. 161). With several testimonies and investigations of sex discrimination in education initiated by this small cadre of elites, political and public awareness of the issue became more prominent. With the passage of Title IX, girls and women were treated not just more equally in higher education, but in other areas as such as athletics, STEM, and pregnancy and
Title IX allows women to access a better career education by not limiting subjects such as math, technology, engineering, and science to men (Musil). In the seventies’, women were not allowed to go to college and study the topics men had the privilege to study. Many took low paying jobs and studied jobs such as cosmetology and home economics (“Career”). Title Ix allowed women to study to be anything from a teacher, to a biochemical engineer which was not allowed in the past because they were women (Musil).
If society stops to understand the struggles these women have been facing for decades will have a clearer picture of what steps to take in order to make a change in the sports industry. Men need to put their masculinity aside and advocate giving women a voice. The purpose of this paper is to explore the issues women in the sport world have faced through history, wage gaps, current issues today, and to discuss findings and recommendations for future research. Title IX is a law that came into effect in 1972, this comprehensive federal law prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.