This paper will discuss the rise in concern for the environmental issues especially in the West during the 1960’s and 1970’s. Firstly, It will look at the rise in affluent middle class in the 1960’s after the Second World War as one of the several factor in the rise in environmentalism. It will then look at how the visible negative effects of industrialization and growth in technology and science forced people to acknowledge that there was a need to address environmental problems. The paper will further look at the oil crisis in the late 1970’s and how the the fear of limited natural resources and overpopulation gradually gave impetus to the environmental movement. We will then examine the role of the counterculture and other social movements …show more content…
(pg 47, anthony downs) Concerns about pollution were gradually raised from the 1940’s when LA was deemed the smog metropolis of the world, as well as the the 1950s when the great smog severely affected London (PG 273, Nature and Power: A Global History of the EnvironmentBy Joachim Radkau0) In the 1970’s, acid rain, one of major environmental issue due to industrial exhausts came to the world’s attention. It became an international issue because the effects were transnational and people could visibly see the impact of chemicals.( pg 387, a history of the world). The Canadian lakes were undergoing acidification due to emissions from power plants in the United States, The Scandinavians found that their waterways were being damaged from coal combustion emissions in Britain and Germany while Poland and its neighbors realized that their use of sulfur-rich coal was causing acid rain in the region. …show more content…
Technologies also allowed detection of different invisible environmental changes as in the case of the Ozone later depletion. In the 1970’s many scientists hypothesised that the ozone layer was depleting due to the CFC’s emitted into the atmosphere and they were able to prove this in the 1980s. (dates)(shock of global) This caused global environmental concerns as people became aware that ozone layer depletion could cuase cancer among other things.(shock of global) And In the 1970’s the news that automobile exhaust causes cancer hit the public(pg 267, nature and power) causing a renewed fear of cancer by environemental damage. (dates)The development of organic chemicals such as DDT and PCBs using cheap petroleum were declared major technological advancements after 1920’s especially after the 1945 when the Green Revolution occured.(264, shock of
The title of the article is The Environmental Crisis: The Devil is in the Generalities, written by Ross McKitrick. It appears in the April 2008 edition of the Academic Matters journal. The author is an associate professor and director of graduate studies at the Department of Economics at the University of Guelph. In discussing the environment, the author argues that the topic is rather wide to use vague terms to define or understand it. The issue is further complicated by politicians who use it as a campaign scapegoat, in which they paint it as a crisis.
Throughout the history of the United States, many significant figures and groups have taken stands for what they believe in. Perhaps one of the most overlooked, yet successful of these groups is the environmentalist and conservation movement. Just over 150 years ago, a movement sparked within a Scottish-American immigrant named John Muir. He pledged to dedicate his time to standing up for and protecting the environment. Muir was only the beginning of this powerful movement, as he helped to make way for the movement in national politics.
A well-known author and environmental critic and activist, he holds nature and its conservation very close to heart. As such, he chose to write this piece in order to persuade, or rather rally, its readers to his cause; a large one at that. His piece discusses how people’s constant demand for both technology and innovation has taken a toll on the environment. His belief that, “A good future is implicit in the soils, forests, grasslands, marshes, deserts, mountains, rivers, lakes and oceans that we have now,” (Berry 24-29) a statement that exemplifies his cause. However, like Kennedy does in his own struggle, he targets those he opposes, arguing “The higher aims of “technological progress” are money and ease.”
In the academic year of 2011-2012, I was responsible for increasing the percentage pass of the Living Environment by 10% at the World Academy for Total Community Health High school. The Living Environment Regents pass rate was 47% in 2010-2011. To achieve the goal, I examined the Item Analysis for the January 2012 Living Environment Regents. In summary, the students were only able to master 12 out of 85 questions.
Following the Clean Air Act of 1970, air pollution had significantly decreased in statistical levels, even corroborating the fact that Americans experience longer and healthier lives, with better visibility due to diminished smog and fog levels. On a broader note, even crops and farm animals saw a benefit in this Act, with cleaner and fresher air to use in many processes, like respiration and photosynthesis. In response to the Clean Water Act of 1972, the loss of wetlands have significantly decreased, and the bodies of water used for leisurely activities, such as fishing and swimming, have seen an increase. More impactfully, billions of pollutants have been eradicated from national waters, purifying and cleansing it for public use. Furthermore, public advocacy efforts such as the protests seen in the New York Times post in Document 3, and the speech given by Hansen in Document 5, have set the stage for global climate change activism.
Air pollutants and smog covering the United States in several of the country's largest cities and manufacturing cores provoked the passage of the 1970 Clean Air Act law during the peak of the environmental movement. The Clean Air act is a federal law that limits the number of pollutant emissions by establishing standards that people and companies must meet to ensure public welfare. The Act was put in place to set and meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in all 50 states before 1975 in order to eliminate health risks presented by various air pollutants. SIPs, state implemented plan, accompanied the mandate of the NAAQs.
In Wilson’s book, The Future of Life, he includes two passages with opposing thoughts and outlooks that pertains to environmentalism or the world we live in. One of which are the environmentalists, those who support or advocate the protection of the environment. The other being anti-environmentalists. They are the ones who oppose or “critique” environmental movements. With these two conflicting sides, Edward O. Wilson exposes the unproductive nature of both environmentalists’ and people-first critics’ dispute by using irony, similar structural parallelism, and lenient and direct diction in his satirical passages.
When you see a litterbug throw the rest of their half-eaten lunch on the ground or dispose of a cigarette out their Hummer window, you might be disgusted by the fact that, that someone negatively impacts the environment. Most human beings know that our negative actions towards the environment have a ripple effect like a drop in the ocean. However, not everyone cares or sees the impact that we all individually have on the earth. In the essay, Our Unhealthy Future Under Environmentalism, John Berlau, an American economist, debates that conserving and preserving our environment is unnecessary and environmentalist should chill out with this save the planet bull crap. This essay comes directly from Berlau’s book called, Eco-Freaks: Environmentalism
Bill McKibben and Derrick Jensen were born in 1960 in the U.S.A., and both have accomplished successful academic backgrounds. McKibben graduated from Harvard University in 1982, and Derrick Jensen graduated from the Colorado School of Mines with a degree in Mineral engineering in 1983. Both are environmental activists and have written many articles and books. Two of their articles “Waste Not, Want Not” by Bill McKibben and “Forget Shorter Showers” by Jensen are published in the Bedford Reader book (557-567). When we analyze these articles both authors agree on consumers contribution to environmental pollution, but they have different points of views concerning whether individuals or industrialists cause more environmental pollution.
I. Introduction Long ago, since ancient time humans have been using energy and striving for the betterment of themselves, it all began with the use of tools which led to the discovery of fire, from this great breakthrough, humans evolved exponentially. Eons have passed and humans are still using fire to ease their daily lives from cooking, mobility and electricity, but due to the increase in advancement of technologies, it has also increased damages to the planet, thus the governments had started to move towards a producing or replacing the old harmful substance to a less harmful ones, but since one of the most used and one of the highest cause of ozone depletion is chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), it has been banned from production due to the Montreal Protocol 1991, one of the causes as to why it was banned is one of the chemicals it contain is chlorine, once a certain condition is met it depletes the ozone layer, ergo with earth shield compromised more harmful ultraviolet rays will get into the planet, thus only the reservoir of CFC are being used today, now it’s a race against time to replace this CFC with other materials that is less harmful and either as or more efficient than it. There are not a lot of ways to replace chlorofluorocarbon. Some of the most prominent ones are hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and magneto caloric effect (MCE).
The Great Lakes had many benefits for Canada, which include: the transportation of goods, home for many aquatic species, and the provision of drinking water. Although, the lakes provided a great abundance to Canada they became over polluted after World War two, leading to a challenge Canada had to face. As a result “The Canadian Government became aware of the pollution in the great great lakes, to reduce the problem the Great Lakes Water Quality and Clean Water Act were created.” (www.Great-lakes.net)
An example of air pollution that has become more prominent in the last few years has been acid rain. Acid rain had increased the marginal social cost on the American people through its risks of a persons health, however, most people only realize the marginal social benefits that it represents, like the goods that are made, with the rain as their product. Title IV of the Clean Air Act is where we find the laws that regulate Acid Deposition, which occurs when sulfur and nitrogen emissions combined with other substances, are changed in the atmosphere and then dropped back on Earth in a form that is very harmful to a persons and the environments health. The Clean Water Act was put into place in order to create a system so that there aren 't too many pollutants released into the U.S. 's water supply and to make sure that the water is deemed as safe for Americans to use and drink from.
Power plants releases smoke and ash during processing of burning of coal contributed significantly to the problem of air pollution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1940 air pollution in the United States and the complaints of the public pressured the government to do something about the problem, the government regulators had to act. The smog that formed around Los Angeles and other big cities around began to report air quality degradation. California was the first state to pass air pollution regulations. In 1947 just shortly after California acted the government convened the first national air pollution symposium consisting of the environmental experts and the representatives of the government.
Pollution may be a threat, but it can be solved in our
Review of Literature Environmental issues began to be discussed and debated only towards the end of the 20th century. Since then significant amount of literature has been penned down raising awareness about issues of pollution, deforestation, animal rights and several others however it has failed to result in major changes, ideas or even actions to save the environment. Several species of animals have become extinct; pollution level is at an all-time high, global warming is leading to severe climate changes all across the globe but these problems do not seem to alarm the decision makers. Leydier & Martin (2013) also states that, “despite the increasing expression of concern in political and media debates about issues such as climate change, pollution and threats to biodiversity, “political ecology” (operating at the confluence of scientific developments, political engagement and ethical debates) is still trying to find its bearings” (p.7). It is quite evident that environmental issues are not treated in equivalence to political, economic, social or even religious issues.