Biped Robot Analysis

Our foramen magnum is positioned under our neck which enables us to walk upright while look ahead. (Wayman 2013). There are many other adaptations that have occurred which work together to form bipedal locomotion which allows humans to walk on two feet, but working from a skeleton alone is not always as easy to define a prehistorically hominin from another anthropoid ape (Dunsworth 2010). The main distinguishing character which would be evidence for bipedal locomotion therefore is the size of our brains which is much larger than other primates. Modern humans have a very high encephalization quotient (Antón, Potts & Aiello

While primitive ancestors used to use their hands for walking, bipedal organisms use their feet for walking instead, which allows for the hands to be better used for tool making and other motor skills. Another major benefit to bipedalism and possibly one of the most significant is the ability to walk and run great distances and speed. The Valgus knee provides the stability to do so and the Longitudinal foot arch serves as a "shock absorber". The increased length of the legs allows for greater stride and the S-shape of the spine allows for that additional support for both walking and running. Bipedal movement has many theories of how it arose and how it came to the benefit of evolving humans; however, there are some cons that have arisen due to our changed anatomy. Since we stand, we need support to hold our top weight up, causing our spines to take an S-shape rather than the C-shape of

Many people in life are born without a specific body part or even lose it. Throughout years and decades people found a way to modify peoples’ losses. Technology has advanced in the health department which leads into biomedical engineering. Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes. It combines the problem solving skills of engineering with the medical field and biological science to help advance health care treatment such as therapy, diagnosis, and monitoring. Biomedical engineering has helped by advancing medical equipment and by making prosthetic limbs for those who have lost body parts. Genetic engineering is the modification of the characteristics

Everyone knows Terry Fox, the man who travelled the world with one leg, but what made his journey possible after he got his leg removed, what gave him the hope to keep going? Good morning/afternoon teachers and classmates, today is the day where you learn about the inspiring technology of prosthetic limbs. Some of you may not even know what a prosthetic is or how it works, but you may have heard of or know about the Paralympics. I see the paralympics as an opportunity for people with prosthetic limbs to show the world that they are not so different, that they can do the same thing as people with natural limbs.

There is great speculation around evolution. As we are continually in the process of discovering the history of human beings, there are many questions surrounding this topic. One very interesting question is why ancient ancestors of homo-sapiens evolved to walk upright like we do today. An apes’ DNA is astonishingly similar to that of a humans, (97% the same) and yet, our bones’ shapes and structure are very different. (Own knowledge, Source D) Bipedalism is unique to humans and it is known to be one of the earliest developments in hominids. (Source G, C) This phenomenon has intrigued researchers and historians for a number of years. There are many answers to this involved question; this essay will look at a few of them.

Myoelectric prosthetics serves the purpose of an artificial limb while maintaining the appearance of the limb. Myoelectric prosthetics are different from body-powered prosthetics because body-powered prosthetics uses cables and harnesses strapped to the individual to mechanically and carefully guide the artificial limb through muscle, shoulder, and arm movements.

It is estimated that the hominins diverged from chimpanzees approximately 7 million years ago (Parente et al. 2011). The pelvis plays a role in walking upright and the delivery of a baby (Gruss and Schmitt 2015). In order to evolve bipedalism, several changes in pelvic morphology had to occur. There were two major morphological shifts that occurred during the evolution of bipedalism: reduction in the iliac height and relatively broad sacral alae (Machnicki et al. 2015). Bipedalism allowed modern humans to have iliac blades that are shorter and reoriented so they curve around the side of the body facing laterally and flaring outward (Gruss and Schmitt 2015). This morphology produced the bowl shape of the modern human pelvis. In comparison, non-primates have tall iliac blades, flat plates, and are oriented in the coronal plane which divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts. The lower pelvis morphology also changed in humans as compared to non-primates. In apes, the ischium is long whereas the ischium is shortened in humans. When humans walk upright, the body is supported by a single leg so the pelvis has a tendency to tip towards the unsupported side. In contrast, when apes walk bipedal, it is energetically costly, but they compensate by stretching out their arms and leaning their trunk towards the supported side. The gluteal muscles on the supported side are able to balance the trunk by pulling up the unsupported side of the pelvis. Clearly, the pelvic changes helped facilitate efficient bipedalism in modern

They were forest floor omnivores, which means that bipedality did not arise on the savanna (Lovejoy et. al, 2009). Bipedalism became a fixed adaptation because it was reproductively advantageous as it allowed for more effective provisioning. Effective provisioning was important in early hominids because females would exchange copulations for foods that were high in fat and protein.

Following an amputation weight acceptance, single limb support and advancement are essential to achieve a typical gait pattern. Due to the amputation the patient will have a decrease in body weight, which will cause a shift of the center of mass over the base of support. The purpose of the study was to evaluate traditional prosthetic training (TPT) compared to that of propioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) methods on gait biomechanics and weight bearing. The study included all male subjects that were all traumatic amputees and in the prosthetic phase of rehabilitation for their first prosthesis. The subjects were randomly assigned into groups receiving PNF and TPT prosthetic training. All of the subjects were equipped with total quadrilateral socket, a constant friction single axis knee joint and a solid ankle cushion heel foot prosthetic. The prior and post training measurements taken were the percentage of weight bearing on the amputated side and temporal distance of gait based on footprints. The training in the TPT group consisted of weight shifting, dynamic balance exercises, braiding, stool stepping, ascending/descending stairs and gait exercises. The PNF group training included the free dynamic balance exercises of the traditional group along with static balance exercises. When the subject was performing the balance exercises the physical therapist would apply resistance in an antagonistic direction. To resist the therapist through these activities the subject had to use co-contraction and isometric contractions. Through these exercises the contractions provided propioceptive feedback not obtained when performing the unresisted balance activities. The PNF group exercises also consisted of approximation to help restore the association between the ground and

For our survival, we would do anything, even if it means transforming our way of life. The exploitation of new movement has been possible due to emergence of new tools. (Steele, 2011) As studied in Evolutionary Anthropology class, the ability for primates to walk bipedally isn’t a coincidence. It is proof of the adaptations we had to encounter as we fought to survive many obstacles over the years. Survival adaptions were produced by larger and faster predators and the necessity to learn to survive on the ground, rather than staying high up in the trees away from dangerous enemies. The ability to mentally process how to survive predator attacks resulted in bigger brains. The original primate body structure was not practical in supporting a larger cranium which contained a larger brain, therefore the body was adapted into a position to support the brain which resulted in bipedalism (Ireland, 2008). Bipedal walking and modified body structures help us understand that we have come a long way in our goal to survive and initially create a better way of life for ourselves and our upcoming

All australopithecines possess anatomical characteristics of the pelvis, femur and spinal column that facilitate bipedal locomotion. Whether or not the australopithecines were fully adapted bipeds is still hotly debated in the literature. There are several important adaptations to bipedal locomotion that can be observed on skeletal material. First, the foramen magnum is shifted forward, underneath the skull. This positioning is indicative of the angle at which the spinal cord enters the skull (Tobias, 1998). The 's ' shape of the spine aids in balancing while walking on two legs (Johanson and Edgar, 2006). Adaptations more directly related to bipedal locomotion can be observed in the pelvis, the bones of the leg and the foot. The pelvis of a bipedal hominid is wide, with relatively short ilia that form a basin to support the internal organs. This arrangement facilitates the positioning of the hip muscles laterally with respect to the legs, enhancing balance while walking on two legs (Johanson and Edgar, 2006). The neck of the femur is lengthened in bipeds, adding leverage to the hip abductors and increasing the efficiency of bipedal locomotion (Boyd and Silk, 2003). Additionally, the articulation between the femur and the pelvis, and the arrangement of the knee ensure good distribution of weight while walking (Johanson and Edgar, 2006). The tibia also displays several features which indicate weight transfer from one leg to another: a relatively large proximal condyle and a near right angle between the proximal shaft and proximal articular

One of the factors that on the feedback loop is bipedalism. It was proceeded as primate adaptive strategy, evolved in hominin adaptive strategy, and optimized in human adaptive strategy. We might be able to have questions such as did hominins walk bipedally? or are they bipedalism primates? If so, what kinds of hominins have bipedalism? To answer these questions and determine whether they are bipedalism primates or not, we can make two kinds of hypothesis that are contradicting. One is research hypothesis that there are some hominins that are bipedalism primates. Another hypothesis, which is called null hypothesis (Lab, Introduction to the SM), is that there are no hominins that are bipedalism primates. After formulating these hypothesis, we

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Neurologists all over the world are excited to announce that an advancement in brain-controlled prosthetics have encountered a breakthrough. At the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, neurologist have developed prosthetic arms that are controlled by the brain. In recent tests, Les Baugh, from whom lost both arms at the shoulder after an electrical accident as a teenager, reportedly controlled robotic arms with his thoughts, and was able to sense physical sensations. To make this possible scientist injected electrical sensors or electrodes into his brain - 192 needles 1/15 if an inch long. They also remapped the remaining nerves from his missing arms, to allow the brain signals to be sent to the prosthetic.

In response to backward and forward sway, the ankle flexor and extensor is activated, respectively, so it is required to maintain stability using FES of both flexor and extensor muscles. Here, the control inputs are COP and COP' (velocity of COP), and the agonist (antagonist) muscle joint is a nonlinear time-variant model unlike the control inputs and muscle-joint models that have been proposed in the previous studies.