Humanistic theories of Rogers (person-centred) and Maslow (Self-Actualisation) evolution. Humanistic therapies or theories evolved in the USA during the 1950’s (McLeod, 2008). The theories to be dealt with are detailed in two categories which are Rogers’s Person-centred theory and Maslow’s Self-Actualisation. According to Weiten (2010) he emphasized that “person-centred theory is detailed in personality structure as The Self, Development of the self and Anxiety. Therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic than that carried out by behavioural or psychodynamic psychologists” (Weiten, 2010). His views differs sharply from the psychodynamic and behavioural approaches in that he suggested that clients would be better helped if they were …show more content…
Rogers viewed the personality structure in terms of just one construct nonetheless the construct is thus called The Self (Weiten, 2010). According to Clifford T. Morgan (1979) Rogers reports that he did not start out intending to make the self a central idea in his theory, but had kept discovering that clients tended spontaneously to think in such terms.
Rogers also points to a positive trend in development, a striving “to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” (Morgan, 1979). In the matter a person might think that his IQ level is advanced whereas the grading suggests otherwise. There is a gap introduced by Rogers called Incongruence meaning that is the degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience (Weiten,
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The prominent verdict in terms of critically based theme leaving myself perplexed is that Rogers did not actually give or put a clear hypothesis instead they were thus difficult to observe and also the research was not up to clear interpretation thus wanted people to research further.
Maslow’s Self actualization
Abraham Maslow is the creator of the Hierarchy of needs as it is the authoritative theory that distributes motivation and hence forth having a very prominent lead. According to Morgan (1966) Maslow believed that each person has an essential nature, a “skeleton of psychological structure”, part of it shared with all other human beings, but some of it unique. According to Weiten (2010) Maslow argued that psychology should take an optimistic view of human nature instead of dwelling on the causes of disorders.
In the provision or a clearer impression it says what you want to be something you must be and also as an individual is hungry for food he must eat to serve himself as a self-fulfilment for the process of growth in a proximity. People shares certain characteristics for instance they were self-aware and self-accepting, open and spontaneous, loving and not eventually paralysed by others opinions (Myers,
Texas A&M International University Autobiography: Through Psychological Lens Term Paper Emily Castaneda PSYC-2301-207 Professor Garza April 17, 2023 Abstract The complexity of understanding oneself is a lifelong journey. Two of my most interested topics in psychology are human development and personality theories.
Rogers called it “actualizing tendency”. According to Rogers, “Individuals have within themselves vast resources for self-understanding and for altering their self-concepts, basic attitudes, and self-directed behavior; these
Sometimes this approach is called phenomenological because personality is studied from the point of view of the individual’s subjective experience. Abraham Maslow can be regarded as the father of humanistic psychology. In the 1960's, his ideas were considered as ridiculous whereas today they are highly regarded and considered important across so many different areas. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs presents the image of the individual having the ability to reach a level of self-actualization which is the highest form that an individual can achieve.
Person-Centered Theory Human nature (assumption) Person-Centered Theory (PCT) is a theory that develops by an American Psychologist in 1930s which is Carl Rogers. Person-Centered Theory is an approach to counselling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. According to Carl Rogers, he stated that a person needs an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance and empathy (Saul McLeod 2014).
The humanistic perspective of personality was theorised by Abraham Maslow who created the Hierarchy of Needs to represent two areas of needs an individual must achieve in order to reach self-actualisation. The two groups are divided by their importance; first is our deficiency needs, separated into four lower levels which are physiological, safety and security, belonging and love, and our esteem needs. The growth needs can only be reached once we have achieved all of our deficiency needs and we have not reverted back a step in our search for self-actualisation. The growth needs Maslow stated are understanding, aesthetic, self-actualisation, transcendence. Carl Rogers, another psychological theorist, originally stated that achievement of self-actualisation
● Psychodynamic therapy is coined as not only being exclusive to analysts who are highly prosperous in certain fields, but also as quite ineffective with regards to noticeable client behaviour changes and growth (Feltham, 1995). Humanistic Therapies: ● Humanistic therapies began in the 1940’s in response to critiques against Psychoanalytic and Behaviourism approaches, and the subsequent limitations placed on a client’s growth as a result (Feltham, 1995). ● Humanistic therapies advocate for the positivity of human nature including ones want to achieve ones full potential, healing, growth and a desire for “self-actualisation” (Feltham, C, 1995, p. 86), entailing a client to confront obstacles routinely. ● Humanists encompass the ideals of a person having a sense of freedom and dignity, thus not being ashamed of subjectivity (Feltham, 1995).
Cognitive Therapy (CT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) was pioneered by Dr. Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, while he was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania. Having studied and practiced psychoanalysis, Dr. Beck designed and carried out several experiments to test psychoanalytic concepts of depression. Fully expecting the research would validate these fundamental concepts, he was surprised to find the opposite. As a result of his findings, Beck began to look for other ways of conceptualizing depression. He found that depressed patients experienced streams of negative thoughts that seemed to arise spontaneously.
For this assignment I should like to provide a fictional case study, portraying the counselling of a client who is dealing with issues related to fear and sadness, I will then consider how the clients problems could be caused by the sociocultural climate within which they are surrounded. The case study will be focusing upon issues such as culture, gender, race and sexuality, looking at the usefulness of recognising the importance of sociocultural issues when considering an individuals distress, with culture, sexuality and race being the main focus of the study. I will be using a person-centred approach as my counselling technique, as this is considered to be a more open-minded approach, relating sociocultural issues to the client. Approaches
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE INTRODUCTION Throughout history, numerous researchers have suggested different definitions regarding intelligence and that it is a single, general ability, while other researchers believed that the definition of intelligence includes a range of skills. Spearman (general intelligence), Gardner (multiple intelligence) and Goleman (emotional intelligence) have all looked into further research regarding intelligence, where 3 different theories were formed regarding what intelligence is and how it should be defined. Since then, Binet, Simon and Terman have all contributed to intelligence testing. Although, there is still controversy over intelligence testing.
Humans are motivated by the needs they need to satisfy. Abraham Maslow created a need-based theory called hierarchy of needs. This theory works by ranking needs from top to bottom in the order of most basic at the bottom to most complex at the top. The foundation of this hierarchy of needs are the physiological needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Countless psychologists have theorized about human behavior, but few theories have had the impact that Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has had. Maslow was looking to explain the motivation behind people’s actions. He developed his theory to represent the needs people need to meet to be comfortable in their living situations. Based on Maslow’s theory, phycologists can determine why people partake in the actions they do. For example, people who do not feel belonging and love as children are more likely to join gangs or other organizations to gain a sense of belonging.
This theory is proposed by Araham Harold Maslow by year 1954. There are 5 different needs in this theory which consists of: Physiological; Safety; Belongingness; Need for esteem and Self-actualization. Maslow believed that a man being motivated by the needs he wants to satisfy. So, the fundamental needs must be satisfy in order to begin motivating behavior (Adiele and Abraham, 2013). 1) Physiological Physiological needs is fundamental and most basic need for human survival.
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is displayed as a pyramid and is built on a foundation of basic needs that must not only be met but satisfied before higher levels of the needs are met. On the bottom of the pyramid are physiological needs and these are required to sustain life such as breathing, water, food and shelter to mention a few. Once these are met, people can move onto the next level of need which is safety. Safety needs can be financial, medical, safe environment and job security. Next on the pyramid are social needs which include friendship, belongingness, love and acceptance.
The Humanistic Approach is the theory about taking responsibility for how we react to problems and actions. There are four general viewpoints that are applied to The Humanistic Approach. First is an emphasis on personal responsibility. Meaning that we are responsible for what happens to us. Humanistic psychologists argue that our behaviors represent personal choices of what we want to do at a particular moment (Burger, 2010).
Introduction Studies of psychological theories are arguably the most relevant branches to examine to ascertain progress in a psychologist-client relationship, alongside client growth. The foundation that is essential to understand the inner workings of a client’s mind and the subsequent external behaviour is built from knowledge provided by theoretical insight. This paper will provide an abridged theoretical insight on Jungian Analysis- is the theory of the mind that stresses the value of wholeness for everyone. Aspects looked at will include: a historical background, key theorist description, key concepts, merit, techniques employed, critiques and relevance in the current context. Historical Background