Three Stages Of Crime Prevention

I. Crime prevention

Crime Prevention is defined as the range of strategies which are implemented by individuals, business, communities, non-government organizations and all levels of government to target the various social and environmental factors that increase the risk of crime, victimization and disorder (Van Dijk & de Waard, 1991). In other study, crime prevention refers to measures and techniques which seek to interpose and to identify risk factors in reducing criminal acts (Brantingham et al., 2005).

Cameron and Laycock (2002) discussed on the three stages of crime prevention- primary, secondary and tertiary crime prevention. Its definitions are as follows;

a. Primary crime prevention

Primary crime prevention is concerned at stopping

2002). It comprises on measures directed at highly specific forms of crime that involve the management, design, or manipulation of the immediate environment in a systematic and permanent a way as a possible so as to reduce the opportunities for crime and increase its risks as perceived by a wide range of offenders (Clarke, 1983).

III. CCTV

CCTV by definition is a Closed-circuit television which is usually used in surveillance. The term ‘closed circuit’ refers to the system which is self-contained and the signals coming from it can be only access by the equipment within the system. The signals coming from it can be seen in ‘broadcast television’ where now it can be accessed by anyone with the correct receiving equipment (Cieszynki, J. 2006).

a. Nature

Closed-circuit television has traditionally been regarded as a crime prevention measure; it has always been examined from the viewpoint that it has to assist in reducing crime (Macky, D. 2006). CCTV by nature is a virtual guard and it is a computer-based surveillance system used in public areas for detecting criminal activities. It monitors all activities within the area it is being installed and will help in giving alarm. This can be also a good tool for protection of government and business establishments especially on busy streets which do not have perimeter walls (Thiel, G.

For example, in the study of Troscianko (2004) where he found out that people can anticipate antisocial behavior. On the other side, poor image quality can affect in identifying unfamiliar individuals (Bruce et al., 2001). CCTV is an effective visual stimulus but it also need eye movement in monitoring (Howard et al., 2011). Feeling of safety among people has high regards on CCTV because it can identify places which are unsafe and these cameras are significant when it comes to crime (Czerwinski and Zurawski,