FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF SELF-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM NIRAV KHANT*, MEENAKSHI PATEL, MANALI PARIKH Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Varnama, Vadodara. Address: Babaria Institute of Pharmacy, Varnama, Vadodara-391240 E-mail: nirav_khant@yahoo.in ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to develop Solid self-emulsifying drug delivery system (Solid SEDDS) for increasing the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug Rosuvastatin Calcium. Selection of formulation components was done on the basis of their drug solubilisation capacity. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the efficient self-emulsification region. Liquid SEDDS were prepared and optimized …show more content…
Different oils like Isopropyl Myristate (IPM), Isopropyl Palmitate (IPP),Oleic acid, Peceol, Soyabean oil, Jojoba oil, Olive oil, Castor oil and Propylene glycol were taken for solubility studies. A known amount of excess drug was added to 2 mL of each of the selected vehicle. It was mixed in Cyclon mixer and kept at 25°C for 48 hr. After reaching equilibrium, each vial was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min and excess insoluble drug was separated by filtration using Whatman filter paper. Solubilized drug concentration was quantified by UV spectroscopy and Insoluble drug was weighed to check the mass balance. [4,5,6] Selection of surfactant and co-surfactant: The criteria for the selection of surfactant are its HLB value, drug solubility and non-toxic nature. Several surfactants like Tween-20, Tween-80, Transcutol, PEG 400 and Cremophor EL were screened by above mentioned method. Cosurfactants were selected based on their ability to form stable and clear microemulsion at a minimum concentration. Based on this, several cosurfactants like Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG 400), Glycerol, Polyethylene Glycol 600 (PEG 600), Isopropyl alcohol and Isobutyl alcohol were screened. [4,5] Compatibility of Drug with Other …show more content…
Hence, Tween 20 was selected as Surfactant for enhancing drug loading capacity. Co-surfactants were selected based on their ability to form stable and clear microemulsion at a minimum concentration. Based on this, several co-surfactants like Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG 400), Glycerol, Polyethylene Glycol 600 (PEG 600), Isopropyl alcohol and Isobutyl alcohol were screened. From that, PEG 400 was selected as gave transparent and clear microemulsion at low concentration. Solubility of drug in PEG 400 was checked and it was found to be 3.23 mg/ml. Compatibility study of drug with selected excipients: a) Drug + Peceol Figure 3 FTIR Spectra of Drug with Peceol b) Drug + Tween 20 Figure 4 FTIR Spectra of Drug with Tween 20 c) Drug + PEG 400 Figure 5 FTIR Spectra of Drug with PEG 400 Table 5 Interpretation of IR Spectra Functional groups IR frequency reported (cm-1 ) Observed value (cm-1 ) Drug + Peceol Drug + Tween 20 Drug + PEG 400 C-F 564 568.94 721 574 575 Para-substituted Benzene 844 844.37 721 849 842 C-N (stretch) 965 964.09 928 946
Do we Really Know Everything About Psychedelic “Microdosing”? A less known but increasingly popular phenomenon is fascinating “psychonauts” and puzzling psychologists: microdosing. This new way of taking psychedelic drugs involves routinely taking a small fraction of a normal dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or magic mushrooms, LiveScience (http://www.livescience.com/51482-more-people-microdosing-psychedelic-drugs.html) explained.
As different bonds require different amounts of energy to bend and stretch, they absorb and transmit different amounts of radiation. This data is then collected by the spectrometer and transposed into graph form. The different amounts of absorbance for various functional groups and types of bonds have been established and can be used to identify compounds. Also, an IR spectrum can be compared to known “fingerprint” spectra in order to identify the compound. When compared to the fingerprint spectrum for 1-bromobutane found in Experimental Organic Chemistry, the IR spectrum collected from the data was very similar.
This Rf value is the higher among the other compounds because the Rf values decreases from aspirin to caffeine; therefore, this suggests that the
Right now in the United States of America, there is a monopoly that exists that involves epinephrine auto-injectors. EpiPen is the United States only supplier of these auto-injectors because other brands have suffered setbacks and failures, patent protection laws, and because there are currently no generic versions of EpiPen in the United States (Johnson). This monopoly was not a problem until Mylan bought Meda AB in 2007 (Paton). “Since Mylan bought the rights to EpiPen in 2007, it has raised the price on 15 separate occasions, bringing the current list price to $608 for a two-pack up from about $50 a pen in 2007” (Mole). This has been a price increase of more than 500%, and this shows that Mylan has been using the monopoly to its advantage.
One issue that social workers are faced with today is the ever growing population of Heroin and Methamphetamine users in Indiana. Over the past several years, both heroin and meth usage in Indiana has continued to rise. This surge has affected citizens of Indiana in a multitude of ways, including children being removed from homes. The increased removal rate has put on a strain on emergency shelters to provide for “drug endangered children.” Heroin is an opiate, much like prescription painkillers.
Opioid and heroin usage is a major issue all over The United States, and it’s an even bigger one in our home of York, Pennsylvania. The United States only accounts for 5% of the world’s population, yet we make up 75% of the world’s prescription drug consumers. In addition to this, Pennsylvania is the state with the third highest amount of heroin users in the country. As far as our county goes, York has the 4th highest amount of heroin related deaths. The heroin epidemic in the United States, and specifically York County was caused a multitude of reasons, such as the fact that heroin is cheaper than prescription drugs and most people who try heroin aren’t aware of the risks.
There is a wide misconception that pills have the ability to cure any problem. Depressed? Take a pill. Are you in pain? Here’s a bottle of Oxycodone.
According to the Center for Disease Control, “opioid-related overdose deaths now outnumber overdose deaths involving all illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine combined.” Another study found that people who have access to medical marijuana are less at risk of developing painkiller abuse or dying from prescription drug overdoses. Prescription painkiller abuse and overdose is a rapidly-growing problem in America, and the signs are pointing to medical marijuana as a solution. Statistics show that about 53% of people who become addicted to opioid painkillers obtained them free from a friend or relative. The only way to stop this is to stop prescribing opioid-based narcotics.
Simply because doctors prescribe medications doesn 't make them safe for everyone to take. In fact, with more prescriptions written today, prescription drug addiction is on the rise. Some of the most addictive ones include Adderall, Xanax, Codeine, and amphetamines. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 22.7 million Americans are addicted to these medications today. Symptoms of Prescription Drug Addiction
Across the world abusing prescription drugs causes more deaths than street drugs do combined (“International Statistics”). Prescription drugs are so easy to get ahold of and so easy to get addicted to. The misuse of prescription drugs have gotten out of hand. These drugs can cause unintentional overdoses easily. The misuse of prescription drugs can lead to addiction, affect the health of users in a dramatic way, and even cause death.
The results were an indicative for expected IR spectrum of pure phenacetin. The IR spectrum showed peaks at (3281.67 cm-1) which indicate the presence of the N=H stretch, (3131.40 cm-1 and 3073.97 cm-1) representing the Sp2 C-H stretches, (2982.26 cm-1, 2927.60 cm-1 and 2885.53 cm-1) expressing the Sp3 C-H stretches, also (1656.82 cm-1) indicating the C =O amide stretch, and finally a wavelength at (1603.51 cm-1) representing the aromatic C =C stretch of the phenacetin molecule, respectively. Such IR spectrum results from phenacetin in comparison with an acetaminophen IR spectrum clearly showed the elimination of the hydroxide (OH) bond present at the acetaminophen molecular structure, which resulted in the IR spectrum not indicating the presence of a strong and broad (alcohol-phenol) band at about 3500 cm-1
Safe medication administration is a big aspect of nursing care, because if medications aren’t given safely, then it can lead to some serious adverse effects to the patients. There are many things that can go wrong, and that’s why nurses have to be very careful when handling and giving medications. Nurses can make mistakes, and give the wrong med, give it to the wrong person, or even give too much or too little of the drug. Careful medication administration can lead to not making big mistakes that can lead to hurting others. “Medication Administration is a complex multistep process that encompasses prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, and administering drugs and monitoring patient response.”
Abstract This reflective paper imposes that nurses, including me, need to be able to make drug calculations and correct medication administration. A medication error serves as leading medical cause of patient’s safety or even its life. As a result, correct medication administration should be a focus of nursing education. Nursing students including myself have difficulty learning math calculation skills which relate to medication.
PHCY 4170 Career Planning Elective Reflective Writing Please reflect carefully on the following two questions and respond to each question individually. The total word-count for the following questions should be a minimum of 500 words, with a maximum of 2,000 words. 1) After completing the Career Pathways assignment and participating in the class discussion, what do you think of your career match results?
Exploring Community Pharmacies and Their Role in Health Promotion A community pharmacy is vital part within the healthcare system when it comes to health promotion. Pharmacists are an excellent resource when it comes to educating patients with medication knowledge, and directing patients towards the proper procedure of taking their prescribed medication. On Saturday, January 20th, 2018, military time 1909, I visited the pharmacy section of a Shoppers Drug Mart located on Kingsway and Nanaimo in Vancouver. This paper explores how a community pharmacy can educate individuals on the medications they are taking, and the similarities and differences between a pharmacist and a nurse.