Isopropanol

We then added 10cm3 ethanoic anhydride to the salicylic acid and swirled the contents, this mixes together the two chemicals. We then added 5 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to the flask and thoroughly swirled the mixture, this creates the solution that makes the aspirin. We then warmed the flask for 20 minutes in a 400cm3 beaker of hot water which was approximately 60°C, we made sure the flask did not go above 65°C because this could have caused the contents to evaporate. Part 2: Using a 25cm3 measuring cylinder we measured out 15cm3 of ethanol into a boiling tube and then prepared a beaker half filled with hot water at approx. 75°C, we got this temperature by filling the beaker with cold water and slowly adding boiling water from a kettle until we reached the right temperature.

We used a Buchner funnel to collect benzocaine. We used three 10 ml of water to wash the product. After the product was dry, we weighed, calculate the percent yield and determined the melting point of the product.

reaction was carried out at 70±2° C for 6 hour with constant stirring. After completion of the process it was cooled to room temperature and resultant polymer solution was poured in the large amount of methanol with stirring when polymer precipitated out. It was filtered and washed with methanol. The polymer was purified by repeated precipitation using methanol from solution in DMF and then it dried. 2.3 Preparation of PS

Ligation The objective of this experiment was to ligate EGFP DNA inserts into pET41a(+) plasmids. A total of five ligations were performed, two actual ligations and three control ligations. The following reagents were utilized: Nco I/Not I cut pET-41a(+) DNA 50 ng/μL, EGFP cDNA insert 7 ng/μL, uncut pET-41a(+) DNA/EGFP recombinant plasmid DNA 25 ng/μL, ligase buffer 10X, and ligase.

Then, 100mL 6M HCl was added to the same beaker also by using a graduated cylinder. The solution was stirred with a stirring rod. To make the 2M NaOH solution, 50mL deionized water was added to a 400mL beaker labelled “2M NaOH”. Then, 100mL 3M NaOH was added to the same beaker.

The mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, separated into an organic layer and water layer, and then drained. The water layer was washed twice with 10 mL of hexane. The organic layer was dried

After the wet gel was formed, continuous heating of the wet gel yield the product in powder

Crystal violet was then added for 60 seconds before being washed off with water. The mordant, Gram’s Iodine, was added for another 60 seconds before getting washed off with water. The heat fixed smear was then washed with 95% alcohol until the wash ran clear, leading to the final step of adding Safranin for 45 seconds before being rinsed with water. The slide was finally blot dyed with bibulous paper before it was placed under a microscope to observe the color and shape of the bacterium. 2.2 Litmus Milk Reaction

2ml of 10% ammonium citrate was added to each beaker. The pH was then adjusted to 8.5 by adding 10 drops of 5M NH4OH(aq) to each beaker. 3ml of 0.1% cuprizone was added to each beaker. The four solutions were then transferred to 25ml volumetric flasks. The beakers were washed with de-ionized water, and the washings were combined with the solutions in the 25ml volumetric flask.

Membrane Preparation The catalytic composite membrane was prepared by solution casting and coating technique. The composite membrane consisted of tungstosilicic acid hydrate loading HEC top layer on HEC separation layer. 5 wt.% HEC was dissolved in distilled water at room temperature for 3 h, then the membrane solution was cast on a clean glass plate at room temperature for preparation of separation layer. Catalytic layer of the composite membrane was prepared by using tungstosilicic acid hydrate.

50 μL of these dilution solutions were separated on the TLC plate coated with SNISG. The plate was developed with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (4:1) and the movement of solvent was usually controlled at 1 cm from the upper edge. After completion, the plate was dried until no solvent smell remained. It was sprayed with an ethanol solution containing 10% sulfuric acid, and heated at an infra-red drier until obvious color came up, as shown in Fig.2 (B.ab). Simultaneously, the amount of silver nitrate in the impact of isolative effect was investigated with the sample procedure, as shown in Fig.2

Then, the pipet was rinsed with distilled water. The bulbs were then attached to the pipette; filling and dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs. Furthermore, the 250-mL beaker was weighed, and its mass was recorded. After that, the Erlenmeyer flask was filled with 100 mL of distilled water. The temperature was recorded.

10. The solution was then placed under the fume hood for the chloroform to evaporate. 11. Methanol was filled in a test tube and placed into a water bath to heat up. 12

The gel was stopped and observed under a UV illuminator. After the verification of both a single band in the DNA and PCR wells, the PCR product was to be