SLEUTH is a scale-independent, open source, 2D CA based model that simulates urban growth and land use changes that are caused by urbanization. Therefore, SLEUTH has become a popular tool to evaluate policies and scenario planning (Chaudhuri & Clarke, 2013b). The application of SLEUTH to the San Francisco Bay Area by Clarke et al. (1997) was the first major application of the SLEUTH model. This paper documents the details of the model, describing the necessary data layers, the five growth coefficients, what they control and the four types of urban growth. In addition to these fundamental principles of SLEUTH, the concept of self-modification was introduced. Additionally, it is a descriptive model, meaning it does not explain the land cover …show more content…
The model uses a raster grid based on a GIF-image in gray scale with a consistent resolution and spatial extent. The Slope layer uses elevation data and requires only one time period with the percent slope, commonly derived from a digital elevation map. The Land use layer is an optional layer that uses any number of land use categories, as long as they are consistent. It requires at least two time periods and is used to calculate a class-to-class transition probabilities matrix among the different land use categories. The excluded layer defines all areas that are resistant to urbanization, this could be a location where it’s impossible to develop or where development is unlikely. For this layer it is possible to include the likeliness a location is available for development, from 0 (available) to 100 (not available). The Urban layer consists of a raster in which a cell is either urban or non-urban. In this layer the earliest year is known as the seed, which is used for the initialization of the model. Subsequent years are the control years, which are used to calculate goodness of fit statistics. The Transportation layer needs at least two time periods and has the option to include weighting to represent the relative importance of roads and to determine the probability of urban development according to accessibility of a location. The last layer, Hillshade is needed to give spatial context to the urban extent data and is only used for visualization purposes (Clarke, et al. 1997; Candau,
An urban growth boundary controls urban expansion onto farm and forest lands. The urban growth boundary is one of the tools used to protect farms and forests from urban sprawl and to promote the efficient use of land, public facilities and services inside the boundary. California requires each county to have a Local Agency Formation Commission, which sets urban growth boundaries for each city and town in the county. The city of Modesto,CA located in the Stanislaus County area is considering implementing an urban growth boundary in order to protect farmland. The boundary line will push urbanization growth to the east of Modesto, along Claus Road because farmland is of lesser quality in that area.
Urban sprawl, where sprawl describes the shift towards lower city densities and expanding citie footprints (Nechyba and Walsh). Comparing the United States before and after the rise of sprawling cities, Americans seem better off because urban sprawl has created higher consumption levels of housing and land for households. Yet these seemingly
The case of Hae Min Lee’s cold-blooded murder is a long and complicated story; one that takes twelve episodes of a podcast to discuss and theorize, and seventeen episodes of another podcast to present all the evidence found related to the case. Who could have possibly killed this talented, kindhearted person? Who could have been sociopathic enough to strangle an innocent seventeen-year-old girl to death in her car? There is no way to absolutely prove that anyone committed this awful crime, even Adnan Syed, the one who has been incarcerated for it and who ultimately took the responsibility. This was almost entirely based on the extraordinarily unreliable testimony of one person: Jay Wildes.
Say the SWAT team came breaking down your door and force handcuffs on you, what would you do? This very thing happened to Cornilius Anderson otherwise known as "Mike Anderson," performed an armed robbery and was supposed to be booked into jail when the state never came to pick him up to be sent to prison. Thirteen years had passed when he was gone out of his cell, when the state came to release him. Mike was a good man, he became a law abiding citizen. He payed his taxes, got married and coached one of his son 's football team, he also was an entrepreneur for a new job.
The words “exacerbate”, “rapidly growing”, “consuming”, “fragmented” and “disappeared” shown in this example create a negative image in the readers mind. As jutka Terris mentions, “In the exurbs, developments are often far away from each other, connected only by a system of highways and road, Such “leapfrog developments” exacerbate the fragmentation of wildlife habitats …rapidly growing human settlements have consumed large amounts of land in our country, while wild life habitats have shrunk, fragmented, or disappeared altogether” (483). The language an author uses to persuade their readers is very important. Which, in this case makes the readers think on how urban sprawl is affecting nature and animals. These words create images in the reader’s mind that convince them that they are affecting habitats of animals.
The flatness of the local terrain, when combined with urban sprawl, has made
Screams of Silence In 1964, beautiful New York City, a murder was committed outside the apartment complex of Kitty Genovese. The victim, Kitty Genovese, was stabbed to death outside her home, while bystanders waltzed by the crime without a second glance or dialing of the authorities. This renowned infamous crime sparked the minds of two psychologists, Bibb Latane and John Darley, to create a concept many know as, ‘The Bystander Effect’ (“Bystander Effect”). The Bystander Effect can be characterized by, “the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present” (Myers 766). In other words, when people are in the presence of other people, or bystanders, they are less likely to help an individual in need, no matter the situation.
4. Habitat alteration: Removal and reduction of natural habitat by flooding, soil erosion and water
Some see the ugliness in the most beautiful things but others see the beauty in the most hideous of things. The poem William Street by Kenneth Slessor demonstrates this thesis statement as he talks about how he sees the beauty in the street that is renowned for its ugliness and the unsightly surroundings it is engulfed with. This poem's literary techniques and imagery gives the readers an insight into the environment and the surroundings that are seen vividly even though they are described through the use of foreshadowing. Each stanza gives the readers a different understanding on what is going on during the poem.
Target corporation has many different location-related decisions to process in more than one aspect. The company must decide on the location of its retail stores, manufactures, and support help. Often the decision to outsource or participate in offshoring can be tempting to a company. Well the impact of outsourcing and offshoring must be examined to ensure that the decision is in the best interest of the company.
The novel, Something Wicked, by Alan Gratz takes place on Birnam Mountain near Knoxville, Tennessee. The author, Alan Gratz, actually grew up in Knoxville Tennessee. During this time, there is a Scottish Highland Fair going on along with the Highland Games. The characters are linked to the setting because they all have Scottish backgrounds. The setting of the story influences the events in the novel with its historic background.
Introduction As the world’s population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner.
Behind the Swoosh is a documentary about sweatshop labor. As a class we watched the documentary and as I learned more about how Nike was running their business; I felt bad for the people that were working. I could not believe that those people were working hard making that company so much money and was getting nothing in return. Then again, I really was not shocked because I know that they are people that put a lot of blood, sweat and tears into a company and do not make enough money.
DETECTIVE FICTION “ The term ‘Golden Age’ stands for a particular blessed era of crime writing” – Susan Rowland. Golden Age of Detective fiction is regarded as the period between World Wars I and II, an era of classic murder mystery novels of similar patterns and styles, predominantly in the 1920s and 1930s; however, classic novels had been written since 1911 and still, are being written. Most of the Golden Age writers are British, however, in America the genre of ‘Hard-Boiled’ fiction is dominant. In this age, the major theme is ‘whodunit’ or the ‘clue puzzles’ in which the reader solves the mystery of a codified game.
Detective fiction is one of the most popular forms of fiction in America. In his article, “American Detective Fiction,” Robin W. Winks addresses the fact that in spite of this popularity, the genre has received little critical attention that studies the work for itself. He explains the two types of errors that critics have made when looking at detective fiction: the high road, where critics claim classic works were detective fiction all along, and the low road, where critics poorly execute their analysis and simply give detailed plot summaries. Winks then goes on to describe how American detective fiction has something to offer because it reflects how the society of the time sees itself. This article is mostly effective in proving its claims