Conceptual Framework Of Classroom Management Essay

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the review of literature was carried out under the following sub-headings:

• Theoretical Framework

• Conceptual Framework

• Management Practice

• Safe Environment

• Management Practices Adopted in Schools

• Environmental Safety Precautions Used in Schools

• Role of Educational Administrators in Improving Safe Environment

• Ways of Promoting Environmental Awareness in Schools

• Challenges Facing School Administrators in the Implementation of Management Practices

Review of Related Empirical Studies

Summary of Related Literature

2.1 Theoretical Framework

The Acquired Need Theory developed by David McClelland (2004), Social Systems Theory propounded by Hoy and Miskel (1982) and Social Learning Theory

It is the desire to interact socially with people. The people in this category prefer work that involves interpersonal relationships and which provides for companionship among members. McClelland believes that many needs are acquired through training or socially acquired as the individual interacts with his environment. The lesson from McClelland’s theory suggests that people who are high in achievement and motivation tend to advance faster than those who do not have these attributes. This theory is adopted for this study because it covers the needs of school administrators in relation to school safe environment. The need for achievement enables school administrators to adopt good management practices. The need for affiliation highlights the need for administrative staff to create conducive school / community relationship to solve problems arising in the school and need for power ensures that the administrative staff influences and control the activities or actions of subordinates for improved and increased performance in the school. The Social Systems Theory by Hoy and Miskel (2004) focuses on the function of an individual in an organization. They affirmed that the school as a social system is a model organization that possesses a distinctive and a set of interacting personalities bound together by social relationships. It is composed of subunits, elements and subsystems

Several scholars later joined the movement that expended the acceptance of the social learning theory. Isom (1998) explains that prominent among its proponents were John Dewey and his constructivist approach to learning. Bernard Weiner, joined the cue by stating that people learn through interaction with other people on particular issues while Robert Sears explains that people learn through environmental influences. What then is the Social Learning Theory? Social learning theory defines learning as being based on personal factors, behaviour and environment. People learn by modeling what they observe in their environment. The social learning theory has three basic principles, namely: people respond to both negative and positive consequences, indentify with others who are likely to model them, and observe their environment. Is the theory relevant to safe environment? Yes, safe environment is what the whole world is looking for, to maintain and sustain. To this end all humans need education on it. Such education may not necessarily pass through the formal school system but must be carried out to inform everybody. The process involves attention, retention, motivation and reproduction. Attention is similar to creating awareness to people on the need to live a healthy life. Retention has to do with finding out what needs to be done through workshops and seminars. Motivation is designed to encourage