Sea Water Desalination

In this experiment, the behaviour of water during boiling process is observed. When water is heated to boiling temperature at constant volume, different regimes are observed until it reaches to saturation pressure. If the pressure is above 1.013 bar, the water is supersaturated. The pressure at which boiling occurs is known as saturation pressure. The standard conditions at which water boiling take place are 100C and 1.013 bar.

2.2. Membrane Preparation The catalytic composite membrane was prepared by solution casting and coating technique. The composite membrane consisted of tungstosilicic acid hydrate loading HEC top layer on HEC separation layer. 5 wt.% HEC was dissolved in distilled water at room temperature for 3 h, then the membrane solution was cast on a clean glass plate at room temperature for preparation of separation layer. Catalytic layer of the composite membrane was prepared by using tungstosilicic acid hydrate.

The extractors with the flasks will be placed on a heating mantle. Once the solvent boils the solvent vapor will travel up the distillation arm. When it condenses, it will drop on the solid substance contained in a thimble and extract the soluble compounds. When the liquid level fills the body of the extractor, it will automatically siphon into the flask. This process will continue repeatedly as the solvent in the flask is vaporized and condensed.

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As such, heating the seawater or brackish water until evaporation occurs leaves behind salt and the vapor is then condensed to provide fresh water. Several processes involved in the distillation process include Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), Multiple-effect distillation (MED), cogeneration, vapor-compression evaporation (VC) and solar water desalination (Shatat and Riffat, 2012). Multi-stage Flash

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The resulting solution is called saturated solution. For example when a sample of sodium chloride solution in water is heated the behavior of the reaction is endothermic obstructing exothermic behavior. Another relationship that can be said about solubility is that the solubility of a solid substance increases as the temperature increases. The solubility of solutes is dependent on temperature. When a solid dissolves in a liquid, it then changes its physical state (from solid to liquid) by melting.

Fractional distillation produces the same result as a series of simple distillations, which yield a more pure product after each consecutive distillation. In fractional distillation, a second condenser is added between the round bottom flask and the second condenser, and is used as a fractionating column in order to create a temperature gradient. The temperature is highest at the bottom of the column, where it is in contact with the round bottom flask, and lowest at the top of the column. As the vapors rise through the column, the vapors for the liquid with higher boiling condense as the temperature drops, and fall back into the boiling flask. The vapors from the liquid with the lower boiling point pass into the second condenser, and are condensed and collected in a flask or other vessel.

The amount of product lost will be significantly lower by carrying out this process. This is because when centrifugation is carried out, the precipitate will be clustered at the base of the centrifugation tube and when the supernatant is poured away, little to no precipitate would be lost. This can be known by seeing that the supernatant of the centrifuge tube after centrifugation is clear and there is a lack of suspension in the

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