Seasons Change Chapter 4 Summary

Chapter 4 Invading Another Climate As Seasons Change:

In this chapter, the author talks about the climate, rain, snow, mud, dust and land extremes, the author explains how these factors can affect military operations at the tactical and operational levels. He argues that 17 C above and bellow will affect, troops, weapons, logistics, transportation, tactics and overall war strategy and requires adjustment. According to the author even 5 C difference can be uncomfortable and challenging.

Great examples of the climate challenges brought by the author and he talked about the offensives of Napoleon in the 19th century and Hilter in the 20th century in Russia. The consequence of Napoleon and Hitler 's aggressions against the Russians analyzed in this chapter. The results of this analysis, is very shocking and explains how Hitler was trapped in every season in the 1940s in Russian territories. The casualties of this deadly war can describe the severity. In this war, there were over 20,000,000, casualties,

Chapter 8 Glaciers Shape The Land:

The ice age is explored by the author in this chapter and he explains, how glaciers shaped geography. The strategies and tactics of warfare in different geographical land structure and elevation are explained by the author.

Winters brought an example of the Alps mountain in WWI and its advantages for the warriors. He also writes on how glaciers shape the land in the different part of the world, such as the formation of the Baltic sea and great lake. According to the author, the earth has experienced many glaciations throughout its creation. If a continent-sized glacier ever returns to Norther America, it would very likely cover New England, New York, the Great Lakes States, northern Plains, Much of Alaska and about all of