CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
STENOTROPHOMONAS AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN BEINGS
1.1
Stenotrophomona-maltophilia is a gram negative, non-fermentive, aerobic bacteria which is usually found in aquatic environments and plant rhizospheres.
It is motile due to the polar flagella and colonizes well in MacConkey agar, which is not a generally discovered pathogen among human beings. It is resistant to many drugs and it mainly affects the nosocomial region on individuals with low immunity. Though the organism can cause infections among various tissues, organs etc, quite frequently found in respiratory tract infections. The organism has various different mechanisms for colonization and infections.
1.2
The isolation of Stenotrophomona maltophilia first
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There is still an ongoing debate about the nomenclature of this organism.
S. maltophilia does not exhibit high pathogenicity, but it has come up as one of the highly essential hospital acquired pathogen that is linked with death rates stretching from fourteen to 69% in affected people who have the condition of bacteremia.
Some of the main brought about by S.maltophilia incorporate :
• Respirational tract contagions that is highly recognized infection,
• Pneumonia and severe exacerbations of COPD (Chronic Obsrtuctive Pulmonary
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• While a study done in Saudi Arabia (2004-2009) said that most of them showed resistance to Gentamycin while >90% showed susceptibility to TMP-SMX.
Based on experiments performed :
• The results obtained by the Experiment performed in the microbiology lab by Ariya Nandakumar on 17TH March 2015, The bacteria was allowed to grow on LB agar prepared under sterile conditions and then an antibiotic was introduced to two different agar plates, and it was observed that the organism developed an inhibition zone for both Amikacin and Gentamycin.
• Amikacin inhibition zone is about 1.8 cm.
• Whereas Gentamycin hindrance zone was 2.5 cm.
The inhibition zone obtained for amikacin : 1.8cm
The inhibition zone obtained for Gentamycin is 2.5cm
2.3
From the studies, we can conclude that this organism has resistance to a variety of antibiotics but the result obtained in the microbiology lab at Bits Pilani Dubai was contradictory (for
After lawn inoculating a Meuller Hinton plate and placing the samples of medication, the plate was then incubated for one week at 37 degrees Celsius. The first medication choice was Trimethoprim, this produced a zone of inhibition of 16mm, therefore being sensitive to the bacteria. Antibiotic number two was nalidixic acid, this too, has a zone of inhibition of 16mm but is considered intermediate. The next antibiotic was erythromycin which produced a zone of inhibition of zero and was therefore resistant. The last antibiotic that was chosen to be used in the experiment was ciprofloxacin.
2- What is the species of bacteria that Addy contracted while on ECMO? Stenotrophomonas a gram negative bacteria species contracted while she was on ECMO. They are usually found in hospitals like breathing
The purpose of this lab report is to employ a myriad of skills, tools and, methods learned throughout this semester to perform the appropriate tests for the identification of the assigned unknown bacteria. Add more background information here!!! The most important tools and techniques used during this identification include aseptic technique, microscopic examination and, the use of selective and differential media. Aseptic technique is an important tool for microbiologists. It is imperative that aseptic technique is maintained throughout the length of any test to avoid any cross-contamination that may lead to inaccurate results.
In this experiment, we cultivated an unknown specimen containing two microorganisms. The purpose of this experiment was to use a variety of biochemical test previously learned in the lab to identify the unknown bacteria. The identification of unknown bacteria is a major part of microbiology. Microbiologist observe samples such as blood and sputum in the laboratory for the presence of microorganisms. Identifying unknown bacteria is extremely important in clinical settings because it helps physicians find treatment for infections.
Our hypothesis was that if the plate contains only the LB broth the E. coli bacteria would have no antibiotic resistance and would not glow. If the plate contains just LB broth and ampicillin then the E. coli bacteria will have antibiotic resistance only if the plasmid is present. If the plate contains LB broth, ampicillin and arabinose then the E. coli bacteria will glow fluorescent under a UV light and it will have antibiotic resistance. Similar to our expectations our results suggested that our hypothesis was correct. This is due to the fact that n order for the E coli.
A starch agar plate was inoculated with a streak of the unknown bacteria and then incubated. On the second day of incubation, the plate was removed from the incubator and placed over a hot plate heating Iodine solids. The smoke of the Iodine stained the plate to display the presence or absence of a halo around the bacteria 2.12 Lipid Hydrolysis This test was done by making a single line streak inoculation on a tributyrin agar plate and allowing incubation. After the incubation period, the plate was observed for the presence or absence of a halo around the bacteria.
The Unknown Identification Lab was an experiment that provided the opportunity to apply all the tests that were learned in the semester of lab, to identify the two bacterias that remain unknown. Gram- staining and two other tests will be used to identify the unknowns. This experiment is crucial to the understanding of each test, and can benefit in the ability to identify the characteristics of specific bacteria. Having a clearer understanding of the bacteria can further the research of bacteria for medicine, such as antibiotics. The understanding can also help the development of research in the environment.
Of the Enterobacteriaceae family, there are genera that are in the normal human flora. Some species such as K. pneumoniae and E. coli are opportunistic pathogens which can capitalize on weakened host defenses and cause food poisoning (Baron, 1996). S. enterica secrete proteins that help aid in intracellular invasion and proliferation (Hensel, 2009). K. pneumoniae is a part of the normal human mouth, skin, and intestine flora, but can wreak havoc if inhaled (Ryan,
The unknown bacteria was then tested on multiple selective and differential media. Growth was present on the MacConkey Agar and the colonies were the same color as the plate, which told me my bacteria was gram negative and did not ferment lactose. There was no growth on the Mannitol Salt Agar, and this told me the unknown was not salt tolerant and did not
The erythromycin resistance gene is carried by Tn4351. erythromycin resistance colonies were transfer to LB agar containing 200µgml-1 thrimethoprim. Non of the colonies could grow in this medium and no free vector (R751) was obtained in plasmid miniprep. This indicates that no replication of R751 occurred. Colony blot hybridization was done separately to discover if Tn4351 and/or R751 had inserted into the chromosome of F. chinesis.
By Gram staining alone, it was safe to eliminate the three Gram positive bacteria that could have been assigned: S. epidermidis, M. luteus, and B. megaterium. The second step was to streak plate Unknown #10 to observe its macroscopic
It is highly virulent with the high rate of resistance to the treatment and antimicrobial infectious agents. The mentioned above proves that the Epidemiology of Staph. Auerus as foodborne pathogen requires
The AgNPs (4.5, 9 and 13.5 g/ml) was loaded into the wells. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Zone of inhibition was calculated by measuring the diameter of bacterial
This is where the antibacterial disc bacitracin was used to determine the bacteria’s susceptibility.
After 48 hours, I observed different growth patterns around the disks. I measured the zone of inhibition of each antibiotic and document them on Microbiology task 3