Separatory Funnel Lab Report

Used solvents contain contaminants that can be removed by fractional distillation. The recycled solvents have purities suitable for re-use. Fractional distillation is used to separate the crude oil into its various components such as gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel oil, paraffin wax, liberating oil. Fractional distillation is also used for the purification of water. Water contains many dissolved impurities; these can be removed by this process.

The reaction the occurred in the experiment was a reaction between acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol to form isopentyl acetate and water. The esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol occurs in four steps. The first step in the reaction mechanism is the protonation of acetic acid with a proton from the concentrated sulfuric acid that was added to the reaction mixture. In the second step, acetic acid reacts with the isopentyl alcohol to form a reaction intermediate which undergoes proton transfer or rearrangement protonation. Water acts as a leaving group in the third step and is removed from the reaction intermediate.

The saturator is the place where dilution process occurs by adding water to it after that flocculating process happens or settle process . the settle process is all about adding a polymer to join with small solid particles then it settle down and in the top almost pure water is existed. The pure water is dosed into the line with out powder to avoid the deposition in the line. There is an extraction pump used to take the settled powder for recycling by adding water or to the sludge

You Must use Turnitin to submit the exam. Water and Sewage Microbiology: 1. List the steps of in a water purification plant. a. Screening to separate the large contaminants from the water b. Coagulation to attract small contaminants c. Sedimentation where water sits and finishes coagulation d. Filtration to remove any small remaining contaminants and particles e. Disinfection by disinfecting chemicals such as chlorine to kill microorganism or remaining bacteria 2.

Soap will therefore be much more effective in soft water than in hard water. The steps for the saponification soap making method can therefore be simplified into four: • Saponification: The fat and oil is mixed with the alkali and heated. The soap produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid. • Glycerine removal: Saturated salt solution is added to dissolve the glycerine in the wet soap. A greater part of the glycerine is removed and separated from the soap whiles the other part remains to smoothen and soften the soap.

The active ingredient and surfactant were dissolved in organic solvent such as chloroform to get clear and homogenous mixture. The organic solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and forming dry thin film of dissolved components. The thin film was thoroughly

Desalination through reverse osmosis removes the salts from the water with the help of membrane. These membranes are non porous and allows certain materials to pass through them. The holes in the mesh of reverse osmosis membrane are of the size that allows only water molecules to pass through them, leaving behind the salt molecules. Salt is a prospective by-product of desalination by reverse osmosis. High operating pressure is required to push the water through these membranes.

Xylene should be dried because it will be removed from the product. A drying tube with calcium chloride was used for the reaction during the set up because it will remove and catch specific compounds leaving the reaction or being produced from the reaction. The purification method is by using adding petroleum ether to produce crystals and then vacuum filtration to remove the crystals from the solution. The melting point for 4-cyclohexene-cis-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride as a pure compound is measured at approximately 97-103ºC. The measured melting point from the experiment is approximately 70-80ºC.

Due to water’s polar structure, ions in some compounds attract and form bonds with water molecules, forming hydrates. A hydrate is a salt that has water molecules trapped within its crystals. Every hydrate has a certain number of water molecules weakly bonded to the salt as follows: salt • number of water molecules Anhydrous salts are salts that can form hydrates but which have had all the water driven off, usually by heat. By heating the Copper (II) sulphate hydrate until its color changes from blue to white, the compound can be decomposed into CuSO4, a white crystal, and H2O gas, represented as follows: CuSO4 • xH2O(s) ←⎯→ CuSO4(s) + xH2O(g) Because of the mass conservation law and the fixed proportion of water molecules, the mole of H2O can be calculated by calculating the mass difference of the substance before and after the reaction: Mole of H2O = (Mass of substance before the reaction) (Mass

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize a Grignard reagent with 1-bromobutane and homogenized magnesium in anhydrous diethyl ether. This solution was refluxed in a flask connected to condenser and drying tube. As seen in the mechanism, maintaining a dry condition is important to avoid the Grignard reagent from attacking water, which will result in loss of the bromine. It is important to reduce the amount of moisture and water vapors to avoid destroying the Grignard reagent, which is essential to the synthesis of 2-methylhexanol. Hence, a calcium chloride and cotton were filled inside a drying tube.