Sequential Voicing In Sino-Japan

Rendaku, also known as sequential voicing, is a morphophonemic phenomenon within Japanese compound words. Many morphemes have allomorph begins with voiceless (e.g. /t/, /k/, /s/) and voiced (e.g. /d/, /g/, /z/) obstruent. When the voiced obstruent allomorph appears in a non-initial morph of a compound word. This morpheme undergoes sequential voicing (Vance, T. J., 2005). For example: i ‘stomach’ and kusuri ‘medicine’ forms a compound word, igusiri ‘stomach medicine’, where the morpheme kusuri undergoes sequential voicing and appears in its voiced obstruent as gusiri.
The article “Sequential Voicing in Sino-Japanese” written by Timothy J. Vance discusses two main ideas. First, Vance shows that not only native Japanese, Sin-Japanese also undergoes

100 samples were selected from four dictionaries, where a ten-page-segment is derived from a medium-sized-Japanese-English dictionary as its base.
The samples need to fulfill two criteria: they are mono-morphemic native noun with an initial voiceless obstruent and they are without medial voice obstruent. If the sample appears in the other three dictionaries once, the sample is then drawn into the final sample. Similar method is used when selecting Sino-Japanese binoms. With the result of 87% of native Japanese and 10% of Sino-Japanese binoms that undergo sequential voicing. Vance claims that restricting the existence of sequential voicing under native Japanese lexicon only is clearly

Vance restates his older paper that there seems to have no applicable way to distinguish if a word is nativized or not (Vance, T. J., 1996, p. 24). Yet, in Takayama, T.’s (2005) article, Takayama studies sequential voicing in loanwords and Sino-Japanese. In his paper, he illustrated an example of kappa (coat), which its origin is Portuguese, undergoes sequential voicing as in ame gappa (raincoat). He states that native speakers would believe a word as a loanword if it is connected to a foreign cultural background, and in this example, there is a different saying rein kōto, which mostly appears in its katakana form “レインコート” , which comes from the word raincoat in English (Takayama, T., 2005, p. 178). Besides the nativization in loanwords, Takayama also looks into this similar behaviour in Sino-Japanese words. Not only joining Chinese words into native Japanese word group undergoes sequential voicing, Sino-Japanese undergoes sequential voicing if the words can be used in an informal context, which those words are categorized as vulgarized Sino-Japanese, while the remaining as Formal Sino-Japanese (Takayama, T., 2005, p. 184). However, separating Sino-Japanese into these two groups is definitely complicated since the frequency of word used changes in time, which seems to agree with Vance statement about “Japanization”. However, Takayama’s point of view definitely provided us an alternative