Shinto And Religion

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Shinto is recognized as an indigenous religion of Japanese people that comes from two words: shin (Gods) and to or do (the way). It is “an action-centered religion that demonstrates on ritual practices to be carried out diligently and to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.” Although Helen Hardacre argues in her book Shinto and the State, 1868-1988 that Shinto is not a religion, this paper will contradict her perspective to consider Shinto as a religion in the period of 1868-1945, according to Emile Durkheim’s definition of religion. Thus, Shinto in this period qualifies as a religion because of its specific set of rituals, deities, and shrines. In addition, Hardacre states that Shinto still had a systematic

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