Sickle Cell Anaemia Case Study Biology

It is important to note that, the higher the blood sugar, the more sugar comes out in the urine. If an individual's kidneys are normal, this usually isn't a problem, but if an individual has diabetes, too much sugar can cause kidney damage. Uncontrolled diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the kidney and destroy the kidneys filters. During Anna Garcia’s autopsy report, the ketones found in her urine, was sign of kidney failure. There was additional signs that Anna Garcia had that supported symptoms of kidney failure, such as necrosis and vomiting.

There are many physical effects of TB such as heart disorders. In addition, tuberculosis affects the tissues that surround the heart. Also, joint damage is another serious effect of tuberculosis, and the patients with this effect have many problems in the hips and knees. Moreover, TB has a secondary effect that is related to the treatments. The TB treatments such as drugs stop the spread of TB germs, but the treatments have dangerous side effects, which are permanent.

Cystic fibrosis attacks the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. Normally the fluids that are thin and slippery but in Cystic fibrosis the faulty gene inhibits the secretion to be thick and sticky, rather than acting as a lubricant the secretions blocks the tubes, ducts and passageways in the

Heart attack A coronary failure is that the results of plaque within the arteries designed, And by inflammation, therefore referred to as coronary-artery disease. This makes correct coronary arteries, reducing the flow of oxygen-rich blood reaches the guts. This then becomes a grume that disrupts blood flow, resulting in a coronary failure. Another issue that ends up in coronary-artery disease, is high sterol. The extent of harm depends on however long the blockade of harm to the encircling space inside the cavity is laid low with the guts attack.

This causes a defective adhesion thereby affecting the formation of primary haemostatic plug. vWD Type 3 has an autosomal recessive inheritance 6. Consanguinity in India is particularly common in certain religious strata which might be the reason for the higher prevalence rate in the Indian population. It is characterized by undetectable levels of vWF and very low levels of factor VIII, which may be a cause of not only severe mucocutaneous bleeding but also hematomas and hemarthroses as in severe hemophilia

However, with the new immunosuppressives, Tissue typing became less important and in the case of Cadaveric Kidney transplantation this is not done. • Shortage of organs • Complications (Surgical or Medical) Complications after transplantation may be related to the anesthetic, the surgery itself, bleeding, infections, vascular thrombosis and urinary complications. Transplantation is not possible without immunosupression drugs , except in identical twins and this makes the recipients vulnerable to infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungi). There are also very vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Herpes zoster and CMV (Cytomegalovirus) are common among transplanted patients as other infections.

Psychiatric patients frequently report complaints of somatic symptoms, Side effects of medications, metabolic syndrome, and negligence of medical disorders which ultimately may lead to participants' negative health perceptions. Patients with schizophrenia has reported to have worse physical health than the health condition of terminally ill Patients who are at the end stage of their illness 48 where it highlight the important of medical attention. There are controversial findings where chronic patients with renal failure, head and neck cancer and breast cancer patients better Qol than schizophrenia64 .the results could have been due to early stages and short disease duration of other chronic disorders in the other chronic diseases sample . In my study chronic patients has been involved with long disease

Complications include: (Grossman & Porth, 2014). • Anemia- When your kidneys are not working correctly, your body may not have enough red blood cells • Skeletal Disorders- ESRD can cause bone tenderness and muscle weakness. • Heart disease- Heart disease is the most common cause of death among people on dialysis. Also, fluid build-up can occur, you may notice a faster heartbeat and swelling that starts in your feet and ankles and moves upward. • Neuromuscular disorder-Peripheral neuropathy usually affects the lower limbs more than the upper limbs.

III. Familial and senile amyloid heart disease : familial amyloid heart disease is inherited and is caused due to overproduction of protein transthyretin ,which is produced in the liver while senile amyloid heart disease is caused due to deposits of normal protein transthyretin in heart tissues (Cleveland clinic.,2014). B ) HEMOCHROMATOSIS : It is also known as bronze diabetes occurs when exceesive loads of iron get deposited in sarcoplasmic reticulum of organs. This can lead to excessive fibrosis and cell death and may also result in dilated or restrictive cardioyopathy (Sisakian H.,2014). C ) SARCOIDOSIS : It is a disease resulting in granulomas formation in myocardium that cause restrictive cardiomyopathy and mostly leads to dilated cardiomyopathy ,also it can be found in patients with splenomegaly, skin rashes or having cardiomyopathy (Cleveland clinic.,2014).

As reported the low levels of MTXPG were associated with poor clinical status and patients with MTXPG levels <60nM were fourfold more likely to have a poor response to MTX. Hence the poor response to MTX was associated with a low formation of RBC MTXPG levels. The poor response was also associated with high MTX dose administration as the clinicians’ escalated the dose to decrease disease activity. Depleted erythrocyte folate PG levels appeared to be an important determination of response. The genetic factors also lead to the Drug

Beta-3 receptors are located in the fat cells. When taking beta blockers they block B1 and B2 receptors therefore the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine. By blocking these neurotransmitter effects, beta blockers reduce heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and help blood vessels open up to improve blood flow. (Ogbru & Mark, 2015) This class of medications are important because they the most commonly used medications for cardiovascular diseases. Some of the common diseases that beta blockers treat are angina, heart failure, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial

Sickle cell anemia causes your red blood cells to stiffen, although your red blood cell are supposed to be flexible. They need to be flexible because they have to fit through small and large spaces. The red cell turns into a sickle shape. This is usually seen in african americans found in countries by the equator. There are some ways you can help with the symptoms that you would have if you had sickle cell anemia.