Smart Cities Definition

Smart cities and smart citizens are two faces of the same coin where one is hardly to exist without the other. Due to the wide spread of technologies that have been used under the “smart city” label, it is difficult to give out one precise definition of a smart city. Deakin and Al Wear list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city: The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to the community and the city, the use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) to improve lives and working environments within the region, the embedding of technologies in government systems, and the territorialization of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that

Second, a smart city also uses technologies to engage effectively with the local people in local governance through the use of open innovation processes and electronic participations, which leads to improve the shared intelligence of the city 's institutions through electronic control with emphasis on citizen’s participation. Third, to learn, adapt and innovate and ultimately respond more effectively to the changing circumstances in the city. The information technologies evolve towards a strong combination of various dimensions: human intelligence, collective intelligence, and artificial intelligence within the city. According to Mitchell, W. (2007): “The intelligence of cities resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)". These forms of intelligences integrated in smart cities are presented in three ways: Orchestration intelligence where cities establish institutions and community-based problem solving and collaborations such as in Bletchley Park, where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing. This has been referred to as the first

Digital city: it combines service oriented infrastructure, innovation services and communication infrastructure. The main purpose is to create an environment in which citizens are interconnected and easily share information anywhere in the city. Yovanof, G. S. & Hazapis, G. N. define a digital city “a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; a flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and, innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses”. Virtual city: In these kinds of cities functions are implemented in a cyberspace; it includes the notion of hybrid city, which consists of a reality with real citizens and entities and a parallel virtual city of real entities and people. Information city: It collects local information and delivered them to the public portal; In that city, many inhabitants are able to live and even work on the Internet because they could obtain every information through IT infrastructures, thanks to the sharing information method among citizens themselves. Using this approach, an information city could be an urban centre both economically and socially speaking; the most important thing is the linkage among civic services, people