They are neurotoxins that attack the nervous systems of all insects. Generally Pyrethroids are popular for insecticide because exoskeletons of insects are sufficiently porous to pyrethroids. They are axonic poisons and cause paralysis of an organism by keeping the sodium channels open in the neuronal membranes. The sodium channel is a membrane protein with a hydrophilic interior. This interior is a tiny hole which is shaped precisely to strip away the partially charged water molecules from a sodium ion and create a favorable way for sodium ions to pass through the membrane, enter the axon, and propagate an action potential.
Although new species of frog are discovered frequently in the most remote regions of the planet, none have ever been discovered to contain venom. Most frogs excrete a poisonous substance through their skin as a defense mechanism, but venom is designed to launch offensive assaults. Biologist Edumund “Butch” Brodie, Jr., one of the lead scientists behind the discovery, describes why it is important to distinguish between venomous frogs and poisonous frogs, “A poisonous animal has toxins that must be inhaled or ingested by another animal to cause harm. To be described as venomous, the organism must have a delivery mechanism —
INTRODUCTION: Efavirenz5 (S)-6chloro(cyclopropylethylethynyl-1,4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1-benzoxazin-2-one) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Emtricitabine5 is chemically 4-amino-5-fluoro-1-[(2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]-2-(1H)-pyrimidon a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). The drug works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that copies HIV RNA into new viral DNA. Tenofovir5 is [{1R)-2-(6-amino-9Hupurin-9-yl-1-methylethoxy} methyl] phosphonic acid. Tenofovir is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI).
ABSTRACT NRC-04, a novel antimicrobial peptide derived from skin mucous secretions of flat fish winter flounder, shows a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In order to understand the conformational change of NRC-04 in different types of membrane, our team did experiments on NRC-04 with negatively charged bacterial surface membrane mimetic micelles sodium dodecyl sulphate(SDS), zwitterionic eukaryotic middle membrane mimetic micelles dodecylphosphocholine(DPC), gram-negative bacteria outer membrane mimetic micelles Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and bacterial inner membrane mimetic micelles 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol(POPG). Fluorescence test shows that the C-terminus tryptophan residue of NRC-04 interacts with the hydrophobic
Initially, stretches of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) are resected at the stalled forks or DSB ends which are quickly bound by replication protein A (RPA). Rad51 replaces RPA and binds to these ssDNA with the aid of the Rad52 mediator function (21,22). Rad51 form a nucleoprotein filament, which can then engage in homology search by strand invasion forming a homologous DNA
Cell Biology BI309 Mini-Review 1 Title: Dynein Motor Proteins In order for eukaryotic cells to be motile they use motor proteins that are propelled by ATP. There are three classes of motor proteins; myosin, kinesin and dynein. Dynein is the motor protein to be discussed in detail for this review. Dynein is a large and complex motor protein found in microtubules of cilia and flagella that causes movement due to the conversion of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) which is a form of chemical energy to mechanical energy i.e. movement.
Interestingly, of all phytoplankton species studied to date, only the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium uncatenum displays a cell cycle with a very long G2 phase (Cetta and Anderson 1990). In order to map more precisely the location of the restriction point within the cell cycle, selective inhibitors may be used: for example hydroxyurea that prevents DNA synthesis and blocks S phase cells, allowing to distinguish between G1 and G2 restriction points (Vaulot et al. 1986). Temperature appears to have the most uniform action of all factors investigated. When temperature decreases, all phases are lengthened in equal proportions.
Now mutations of this gene are controlled by inserting the IPTEN gene which is discovered in model organism Dicyostelium discoideum. This gene have the ability to suppress the mutations that are found in PTEN gene. Methodology: • DNA extraction • Gene isolation by using restriction enzymes • Induced PTEN mutation in Mice to induce Cowdin syndrome • Insertion of IPTEN gene in
2010). Usmani and patil (2010) studied the lipase catalysed interesterrification of Neem, Karanja and rice bran oil for the production of
A number of bacteria produce L-asparaginase, but not all of these enzymes have anti-tumour properties. The variation in anti-tumor activity has been related to the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate and the clearance rate of the particular type of enzymes. Commercially used enzymes are obtained from E. coli and Erwinia carotovora (Marlborough et al., 1975). ELSPAR, ONCASPAR, ERWINASE & KIDROLASE are the brand names of L-asparaginase which are used as medicines. It is also used in the food industry as a mean to reduce the formation of acrylamide from the baked product under the brand name of "Acrylaway and Preventase” (Halliday, 2008).