Social Identity Theory Analysis

According to him, Social Identity Theory is on the premise that positive social identity is based on advantageous intergroup evaluations, that a positive dependence exists between forte of the group identification and the quantity of positive intergroup diversity. First, he describes the connection that exists in group identification and in-group bias. In this, he maintains that where group identification is founded on a positive in-group assessment and that if individuals are inspired to realize and/or uphold a constructive social identity, and if in-groups are assessed based on their relation to pertinent out-groups, then there should be a relation between an identification and prejudice. Citing various researches, the author asserts that there is a probability that groups can vary from each other widely in their social identity purposes and these identity functions are not properly captured by Social Identity Theory as prescribed.

Concomitantly, the social values of the receiving country does not yet have been adopted by these individuals, so that in the immigration context, cultural and life values are disjointed, creating "a kind of emptiness in which society can no longer exercise control on its members, leaving them at the mercy of themselves "(MATSUE, 2012, p.1137); which can lead to a process of identification and allegiance between individuals that recognize themselves as part of a same group. According to Barth (1998) these identifications are the result of the relationship between the identities defined by others and self-identities. Therefore, I believe that, identifying in which way the relationship between immigrants, their descendants and the receiving society happened and still happens, how this process influenced the formation of an identity of São Paulo, would allow us to understand a small facet of the identity formation processes in Brazil, in addition to provide greater clarity about the immigration process and the consequent adaptation of these individuals to a new society and how these immigrants influence and are influenced by the society in which they

The concept and specifics of social justice are open to interpretation. Each theory has its advantages and flaws, making it difficult to settle on one set of guidelines that would be deemed universally as “just.” Some key issues that social justice theories should address are whether or not social justice depends on equality or aid to those in greater need, how possible is it to remove bias from a social situation, whether or not a society should be working towards a better or a perfect society, and what part does plural grounding play in the process of seeking justice? One pressing issue that social justice theories should address is whether or not justice is about equal access to equal treatment and resources or providing more aid to those

This great concept reflects that while we are attributing success to our internal characteristics, we are blaming others for any negative events and assigning failures to outside factors. Self-Serving Bias module describes that we do not always clarify things objectively, while we are making judgements about other people and events. Also, self-serving bias as a part of cognitive biases, gives an opportunity for people to protect their self-esteem which means that by attributing positive things to themselves, people improve their confidence and by blaming others for negative events, people avoid personal responsibility. In my opinion, it is not surprise that almost everyone in the world have faced such situations since self-serving bias works in every aspect of life. I also have faced such situations in which I assigned success to my own skills and blamed others for negative events.

P. Seligman, Acadia C. Parks, and Tracy Steen, authors of the article, “A Balanced Psychology And A Full Life,” focus on the benefits of “positive psychology.” Psychologists on the “pro positive psychology” movement are working towards a mental make­up that, “is an integrated, balanced field that integrates research on positive states and traits with research on repairing weakness as well as nurturing strengths” and are creating “a balanced psychology” (Seligman et al. 420). Being in a negative mood can be more beneficial to the mind of a person than one many think, but it does not mean that everyone should only be focused on being negative. As compared to opinions of the psychologists that are not on the “positive psychology bandwagon” who believe chasing happiness causes a person to be less happy. One should experience all emotions from happiness, sadness, anger, hurt, contentment and so on.

Gender identity has been defined in several ways, including comfort with one’s gender, self-perception of adherence to gender stereotypes, and internalized social pressure for conforming to gender stereotypes. According to the Journal and Reseach on Gender and Adolescent Development, there are several problems with this practice. First, it involves inferring gender identity from self-perceived gender typing, and one cannot test such theories without distinguishing the two constructs conceptually and empirically. Second, because the degree to which a person is male typical (or female typical) in one domain is not highly correlated with how male typical the person in other domain. (Egan and Perry,

Rogers viewed the personality structure in terms of just one construct nonetheless the construct is thus called The Self (Weiten, 2010). According to Clifford T. Morgan (1979) Rogers reports that he did not start out intending to make the self a central idea in his theory, but had kept discovering that clients tended spontaneously to think in such terms. Rogers also points to a positive trend in development, a striving “to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” (Morgan, 1979). In the matter a person might think that his IQ level is advanced whereas the grading suggests otherwise.

Skinner mastered. Some think that using Operant conditioning with positive and negative punishment and negative reinforcement works better than positive reinforcement. The positive reinforcement has consequences and comes with a rewarding outlook. This is a consequence that causes a behavior to increase. It would work out better if the adult explains to the child what was done and how to fix it than to punish with negative reinforcement.

Approaches may differ. Grant takes a different perspective and approach; hence the views deduced differ to a certain extent compared to other researchers. According to him language constructs what is either considered true or real. (Fairhurst & Grant 2010; Tolstikov-Mast, 2014; Fine, 2015) also viewed the social construction of reality as a base of leadership social

1. Self esteem is simply put the thoughts and feelings we have about ourselves. When we think poorly about ourselves our self esteem will also be worse, however when we think positively about us as people our self esteem rises. Beebe (2008) wrote, “Closely related to your self- concept, or your description of who you are, is your self- esteem, your evaluation of who you are. Non verbal inner speech or self talk is a major influence of self esteem.

Hodges, plays a role in producing social change, I would first recommend the sociologist to define social change. Defining social change can be hard, as the definition varies depending on the way an individual chooses to look at it. As mentioned in “Law as an Instrument of Social Change,” “ ...social change is simi-larly tricky to define… there is no consensus about what constitutes social change. Social change resulting from law can include redistributing resources among social groups, reconfiguring social practices and interaction, or reconstituting social meanings ” (Albiston, 143).

Still, basing admissions solely on merit does not cause such unhappiness. As long as merit-based standards are used, minorities cannot be unhappy because if they merit admission they will be granted it. Thus, according to the utilitarian ethics, Affirmative Action should not be allowed in medical schools because there is an alternative course of action which creates more units of happiness. Since this form of action produces more happiness, it suffers a less evil tendency than Affirmative Action which has the potential to cause more unhappiness. Many courts are leaning toward this viewpoint with regard to decisions against Affirmative Action because they do not count it a means of creating

Lastly, a highly contested debate between social constructionists begins with provocative critiquing. To have a triumphant subjectivist reasoning for social problems, it is argued that, since a subjectivists analyzation is in fact a claims-making activity itself, therefore it incorporates a particular amount relativism and theoretical errors: Subjectivists invoke social constructionists theories about the situational under study but juxtaposes their claims as objective

money in order to treat these people, rather than just protecting them from the start. If the government would provide more protection and make it easier to attain justice for their lower class and minorities who are being mistreated by society, they would be able to save themselves billions of dollars and likely billions of lives as well. Religion plays a huge part in racism and prejudice. Religion is often used as a mechanism in order to defend racism. In Brandt’s article he speaks on the topic of religion and how it is used to enforce and defend racism and prejudice.