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Social Learning Theory Literature Review

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Deviance and Social Learning Theory
Literature review
The study of deviance and social learning theory uses different variables in determining the extent of using in each substance. The concept and variables of social learning theory are the imitation, definition, differential association, and differential reinforcement towards the explanation of deviant behavior. These variables served as the predictors in illustrating the results of the fast research conducted. Most of the variables being used give a wide range in the extension of the study to elaborate the effects and results of its variants in the commission of an act.
According to Akers, social learning as a general theory explains criminal and deviant behavior through maintaining and …show more content…

Definition are the orientation, rationalization, and justifications of attitudes that defines the commission of an act, whether right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable, and appropriate or inappropriate (Akers & Jennings 2009). Akers definitions towards the explanation of delinquent behavior are classified into two types, namely the general beliefs and specific beliefs. This definition modifies the conventional values and norms in elaborating the predicting variables of social learning theory. General beliefs are individual’s definitions that are personally based on religious and moral values. On the other hand, specific beliefs are definitions that an individual rationalize toward committing and participating in criminal and deviant acts (Akers & Jennings 2009). However, Akers had also added several discussions that support the definition as one of the variables of social learning theory. He described conventional beliefs, positive, and neutralizing beliefs towards deviant behavior. The conventional beliefs are negative or unfavorable response towards the commission of the deviant acts. In contrast, positive beliefs are a definition of acts which is morally desirable or permissible, while neutralizing beliefs defines as favorable acts in the commission of criminal and delinquent behavior which influenced by an individual’s justification or excuses of a particular …show more content…

Imitation is the least complex of all of the four variables in social learning theory. It occurs when the individual is engaged in learning the behavior which is modeled by others and through observation of the behavior being performed and presented by others (Akers & Jennings 2009). Imitation of one’s behavior exist in the form of modeling, observation, socialization, communication whether verbal or nonverbal and other pattern behavior present in every routine activities. The process of learning through imitation exists throughout an individual’s life in every stages of development. In addition, the process of imitation is still assumed to be an effective way in maintaining or desisting from a given behavior (Akers & Jennings

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