2.1 Solar Energy
Solar energy is one of the cleanest sources of alternative energy. Due to high energy demand and environmental negative impact of fossil fuels, many countries consider the alternative energy sources as a suitable and feasible option in industry and domestic usage. Even though coal and hydro generation will continue to be the main energy sources for base load power generation, the decentralized untapped renewable energy sources such as, bio-gas, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, biomass gasifier, wind power, small hydropower, co-generation, etc. are increasingly gaining importance (Dudhani et al. 2006). Solar energy becomes the center of attention with the nature of being clean, safe and abundant in nature. Most solar energy
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This is attributed by its chemical and physical properties that are robust, making it suitable for use in a variety of applications at almost all environmental conditions. Among the lead acid battery properties are (Lam et. al, 2004):
a. The self-discharge is among the lowest of rechargeable battery systems.
b. Both electrodes contain only lead and lead compounds as active materials that do not require conducting activities.
c. It has a high cell voltage of 2V.
d. Lead acid technology is cheaper than other technologies. Although its capacity per kilogram is 30 to 40 Wh / kg, lower than other technologies (cadmium nitride (NiCd): 50-70 Wh / kg, Lithium ion (Li-ion): 150 Wh / kg) its price is two to four times less expensive per kWh stored than the Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) and ten to twenty times cheaper than the nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and
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There are few models of batteries which based on electrochemistry modeled as capacitor and resistor network to represent the charging storage capacity. Sheperd model is commonly used in electrochemical model and is used in several forms with some modification to suit the specific battery types. The simplest equivalent circuit models of batteries are the Thevenin battery. Figure 2.5 shows a Thevenin battery model that consists of voltage source E0, internal resistance R, and a capacitor C with resistance R0 in parallel to it. In simulation, the components remain constant and which made that the model were not accurate. In reality the values of the components are a function of several battery conditions like state of charge (SOC), battery storage capacity, rate of discharge and temperature.
For non-linear electrical model as shown in Figure 2.11, it consists of components where their values vary non-linearly that can be determined
The article “California Leads a Quiet Revolution” by Beth Gardiner discusses about the California’s goal of increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources. With its modern technologies, politics, and its abundant sunshine, California has managed to overcome their energy crisis problems by utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. While the achievement is remarkable, difficulties have also appeared. The influx of solar and wind power has changed the pattern of electricity production, resulting in a mismatch between the said influx and the demand, while the storage devices that would solve said problem are deemed to be too expensive. Even though there are several problems, the addition of clean energy hasn’t resulted
2-a. The current drawn by each shunt resistor is linearly proportional to the cell voltage. As the cell voltage increases, more current is drawn by the shunt resistor. This will decrease the voltage differences between the different cells within the battery system since higher voltage cells is further discharged by the shunt resistors. It is worth mentioning that this method can be only used for Lead-acid and Nickel based batteries because they can be brought into overcharge conditions without cell damage [4r]. Its features are simplicity, low cost but the excess energy is converted into heat losses in the shunt resistors.
However, it is not difficult to improve on the issue of cost. As Faith Birol states in his paper, “The cost of providing assistance to poor countries may turn out to be far less than that of dealing with the instability and insecurity that poverty creates (Birol, p.5).” The solution to reducing the cost and making modern energy more accessible should be a combination of the local government assistance, international subsidy and the help from non-profitable and non-governmental organizations. The exact formula to solve
will sponsor the research of Jeff Dahn till the issues are resolved. Mr. Dahn will focus on expanding the capacity of voltage in batteries without damaging their longevity and reducing the cost of materials. Based on the chief technologist in Tesla Motors Mr. Straubel’s expectation energy density of the batteries and cruising range of electric vehicles need to be increased, thereby battery cost and weight need to be reduced in order to cut the price for Tesla car further model and to meet a sales target of a cumulative one million vehicles by 2020. “In addition to advances in chemistry, Tesla Motors is aiming to reduce its battery costs by bringing in-house the suppliers and processing of lithium, nickel cobalt and graphite. We are making constant progress on all that.
Properties of Substances Express Lab 1)The purpose of this lab was to compare the physical properties of different types of solids and how the properties of solids are determined by their intermolecular forces and their intramolecular bonds. Then we were to classify each type of solid as either ionic, metallic, non-polar molecular, polar molecular, or network. Paraffin wax classified as a non-polar molecular, Silicon dioxide was classifies as a network, Sodium chloride was classified as ionic, Sucrose was classified as polar molecular and Tin was classified as metallic. (2)The intermolecular forces that are present in Paraffin wax are dispersion forces, because it is non-polar and carries a negative charge. Followed by Sucrose that has
1. Thesis Title Nuclear energy: it's efficiency sufficient to justify danger? 2. Thesis Description Thesis statement: Although nuclear energy has been proposed as a solution for our energy requirements it is not reliable because of issues regarding safety, nuclear waste storage. It is possible in a medium-long period of time to replace it with renewable energies.
In other words, this system could save your life. Specifically, the battery has its own safety management systems that monitor the activity of each cell and process the information to a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The CPU can do many amazing things like adjusting the cooling system, warn the driver or even forcefully stop the battery from
Strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes and are assumed to ionize completely in the presence of water. Weak acids however, only ionize to a limited extend in water. Any weak or strong acids when in contact with any weak or strong alkali will start to undergo neutralization regardless of their volume. When an indicator which is present in the acid-base mixture and have experienced colour change, it indicates that the mixture is in right proportions to neutralize each other and is also known as the equivalence point.
The dependent variable is the rate of decomposition of water which is measured by the volume of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas in cm3 The independent variable is the voltage here as I increase it from 9-14 Room temperature was 24 rtp and I carried out the whole experiment in the same room. If the temperature increases the rate of electrolysis will increase. The concentration of the sulphuric acid which is 0.02 M. If I increase the concentration of sulfuric it would’ve been the decomposition of sulfuric acid not water because we just need some ions in the pure water so the ions can move to the electrodes.
Although the scientists in the 1900s had warned the world about the shortage, many people still refuse to accept the idea that they will eventually be eventually using solar power as the only option. And each year, the debt from the consumer rate increases for every electricity company. For instance, as
This potential can be obtained by Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz model. It was used to calculate the membrane potential when more than one channels were present in the plasma membrane of the cell, and open at the same time. It majorly depends on the permeability of membranes in use. Permeability refers to the ease in which ions can pass through membranes to reach the opposite side. The ions can never reach their equilibrium potentials because three ions are contributing to the membrane potential.
A clean 250-mL beaker was taken and around 0.3 to 0.5 g of potassium acid phthalate was weighed into it. 50 mL of distilled water was approximately added to this 250 mL beaker and gently swirled so that the solid (potassium acid phthalate) got fully dissolved into the water. 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution was added to the beaker. The pH electrode was calibrated using the pH buffers.
In the modern age of technology, the abundance of batteries cannot easily be overlooked. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy and power several electronic devices such as cell phones, laptops, tablets, PDAs, and iPods to name a few. Furthermore, they provide power to households and several industrial enterprises around the world. Indeed, these batteries have become very advantageous to people because of the convenience they provide in everyday encounters. However, batteries can also be harmful despite the advantages they offer.
The auto battery is the thing that powers all the electrical parts of the auto. It is normally a rechargeable 12 volt lead-corrosive battery that powers the electrical framework in the vehicle. This implies there are different chemicals in the battery that goes into a response when it is being used. When it is energizing, the concoction responses are turned around. Auto Battery Components The fundamental segments of the auto battery is that it begins the starter engine and the start framework.
Eco friendly building material is those provide the appropriate service and lifetime, with the minimal maintenance, while minimizing the decimation the raw of material, the pollution from, and also energy consumption by production and use, and that have the maximum potential for the reuse. The use of the Eco friendly building materials and products are represents one important strategy in the design of a building. In addition, the Eco friendly building materials have benefits to the building users such as improved health and the productivity, in order to change the spatial configurations of the lower costs associated, reduced maintenance costs over the life of the building and so forth.