Sordaria fimicola is a microscopic fungal species that produces ordered tetrads. It is commonly used in classrooms because it lacks conidiospores, has a short generation time with matching genotype and phenotype, has known color genes that permit tetrad analysis, easily observable crossing over effects, and does not undergo spindle overlap. In S. fimicola, meiosis occurs in the ascus. The fungus is a haploid organism for the majority of its life. It only becomes diploid when mycelia of two unlike strains fuse. Mycelia are a network of long hyphae filaments which the fungus uses to form sex organs. The newly formed, diploid nucleus must go through mitosis to become haploid again. This will produce eight haploid ascospores held in the ascus. …show more content…
If the parent alleles do not rearrange until the second division of meiosis, it is called second division segregation of alleles. Gene mapping is the relationship between the frequency of second division segregation and distance (map units) between the genes involved. Recombinant ascospores have chromosomes that were altered by the crossover in metaphase of meiosis. They phenotypically do not represent the parental chromosomes. When spores resemble the parental chromosomes, they are called non-recombinants and they result from being unaffected by the crossover. Tetrad analysis can be used to determine the distance between two genes. When there are tetratypes in the data, one must use this equation (1/2T+NPD)/(Total Tetrads) x100 to find map distance. If there is no tetratypes in the data, then one must use map units=(recombinant spores)/(Total spores(recomb+non-recomb)) x100. These equations will specify the genetic location of genes on a chromosome and their distances apart from one another. The null hypothesis of this experiment is that the ascospores color gene assorts independently and that the phenotype of Grey and Tan are unlinked. The alternative hypothesis is that the Grey and Tan color genes are linked. (Glase,
Two human receptor-making genes are similar to those in other mammals. This implies that human color vision began when one of the genes in other mammals duplicated and copies specialized over time for different light sources. The switch to color vision correlates to a switch from a monochromatic forest to one with a multitude of colors in
Title: Determining Phenotypes of Crosses Between Drosophila Flies Ameena Ahmed, Ishana Fleurant, Aleksandra Drozdziel, and Chelsea Kornfeld. Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine phenotypes of 2 separate crosses between Drosophila flies and compare the outcome to the expected results, which should fit the 9:3:3:1 ratio, set up by the law of independent assortment. A vial with a set of 3 male flies with specific characteristics were mated with 3 female flies with distinct characteristics as one of the two crosses; the characteristics were reversed in a separate cross between 3 males and 3 females, each gender with distinct characteristics.
Transformation in bacteria usually takes place when a bacterial cell accepts strange DNA and integrates to its own DNA. The transformation normally takes place within plasmids, which are tiny circular DNA molecules that have been separate from its own chromosome. The copies of the same plasmid range from 10 to 200 copies within a cell. These copies of plasmids may multiply when the chromosome replicate or multiply independently. One plasmid has a range of 1,000 to 200,000 base pairs.
Materials and Methods To start with, the unknown bacteria # 710 broth had to be successfully isolated on an EMB and MAC agar plate. Using aseptic technique by sterilizing the wire loop with Bunsen Burner between inoculations and flaming the opening of the test tubes before inserting in the loop with the bacteria. The streaking technique used was to isolate the colonies on the agar plates. In addition, the streak plates had to be incubated in a upturned position for 24 hours in a hot temperature incubator at 37 degree Celsius. Bacteria need a favorable condition to grow in.
Sor Juana Inés De La Cruz dedicated her whole life to studying, even joining a covenant to continue acquiring knowledge as she grew older. She was famous for her poems and plays, and the Respuesta do Filotea De La Cruz, in which she questioned her own role in society as well as other women, disputing an argument brought up by “Sor Filotea De La Cruz” that ridiculed her literature and her actions.
Extra autosomes and extra or missing sex chromosomes relate to errors in meiosis because they are the result of chromosomes failing to properly separate in meiosis. Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations relate to an error in meiosis because they are a consequence of homologous chromosomes failing to align correctly in meiosis or result from errors when crossing over occurs. 8. Could nondisjunction occur during mitosis? Compare and contrast the likely consequence of nondisjunction in mitosis vs.
Dwarf stalk (D) is dominant to tall stalk (d). Show the resulting punnet square of a cross between a heterozygote dwarf stalk and a tall stalk. (1pt) 5. An X-linked recessive gene (r) produces red/green color blindness.
It determines how similar the predicted results were to the real results. This number can be used to tell how accurate our results were. Figure 1 and figure 2 both have 2 degrees of freedom because they only have three different phenotypic outcomes from the cross. Although there was only three intended phenotypes, orange-eyed flies were produced. These flies were not produced by an error in breeding, they were rather the result of a defect in the gene that produces red pigments.
Tina Alvarado SPA222-A5 3/52017 WAC 5: Response to Sor Filotea The letter that Sor Juana wrote was a biography about her life and rationality. It was a declaration of her scholarly, innovative freedom, and rebut of censorial intrusion. Sor Juana was known as the world’s first women with the artistic and intellectual privilege to publish, write, study, and teach freely. She wrote the letter to inform Sor Filotea who was trying to silence her that she would not go still into the night.
Does barbed detachable spines of Hemicentetes semispinosus affect the rate of the protection from predators? Introduction The species of Hemicentetes semispinosus have thin keratinous quills on their torso. The spines serve for communication among species (Endo et al. 2010).
The haploid spores are produced in a sporangium. Each spore divides mitotically to produce a heart-shaped gametophyte. Male and female parts are developed on the same plant. Gametophyte is small in size and can photosynthesize. In order for the fertilization to take place, enough water should be available so that the sperm may swim to archegonia and fertilize the eggs.
During random fertilization, no gamete has a greater chance than the other with fusing together in sperm and zygote fusion. These processes contribute to the production of genetic variety because of the many opportunities of unique combinations, unlike the process of mitosis, in which identical daughter cells are always the
Introduction: This lab report outlines an experiment on the observation of mitosis in the cells of garlic root tips. Mitosis simply put is the division of a nucleus producing two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Miotic cell division consists of five stages: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The purpose of this experimet was to identify and observe cells within each stage of mitosis using garlic root tip cells.
A slime mold is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms that can live freely as single cells, but they can come together to form multicellular reproductive structures. They were originally classified as fungi but they are no longer considered part of that kingdom any more. The acraiceae have a common characteristic of all forming a simple fruiting structure from the emergence of a unicellular amoeboid stage followed by a multicellular pseudoplasmodial stage. Stalk cells and spores are differentiated from the cells that develop in the fruiting structure. Sorocarpic amoebae also referred to as cellular slime molds, are heterotrophic amoeboid organisms.
There are three type of cell division: binary fission, mitosis and meiosis ("Binary Fission”, "Cell Division, Mitosis, and Meiosis"). Binary fission occurs in prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, in this process the cell copies all of its DNA and then segregates the copies into opposite ends of the cell before splitting into two new cells (“Binary Fission”). An advantage of binary fission is that it is easy to create new cells quickly and in large quantities (“Asexual Reproduction”). A drawback of binary fission is that if something goes wrong such as a virus or a fatal mutation then the entire population of the cells can be destroyed due to a lack of genetic diversity (“Asexual Reproduction”). Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in both plants and animal cells ("Cell Division, Mitosis, and Meiosis.").