Utterance And Discourse Analysis

which performed via utterances are called speech acts”. (“speech and public speaking,”n.d.).
Justová (2006) reported that the problem of speech acts was pioneered by language philosopher J.L. Austin. (p.6). And it was developed by Searle. Paltridge (2006) noted that two influential works in the area of pragmatics, and relevant to the discourse analysis, are Austin (1962) how to do things with words and Searle’s speech acts (p,55). In addition, Bjorgvinsson (2011) mentioned the “Austin’s claim that there were only two types of utterances possible. There were ‘performative utterances’ and ‘constative utterances’ ”. (Introducing the performative, para,2.). Fasold and et al (2006) held that: sentences which perform actions are known as performatives, while other sentences are called constatives. (p.162). Austin (1962) (as cited in Oishi (2006)) introduced the concept of illocutionary

But notoriously, not all cases of meaning are this simple: in hints, insinuations, irony, and metaphor- to mention a few examples-the speaker’s utterance meaning and the sentence meaning come apart in various ways. (P.59)
Richards and Schmidt (2002) have said that “A speech act which is performed indirectly is sometimes known as an indirect speech acts and indirect speech acts are felt to be more polite ways of performing certain kinds of speech act” (p.449).
Speech act of disagreement as an instance of speech acts can be uttered in direct and indirect ways, this speech act is going to be discussed in the following