CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Methodology
Cu2O was used as the main material in this research. After the decision was made, the process of fabrication and analysis method was planned. Sample preparation process was made using sputtering method. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Uv-Vis Spectrophotometer and profilometer.
3.2 Materials and Instruments
The instruments used in this experiment are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Materials and Instruments used.
Materials Instruments
Cu2O
Glass Ultrasonicate
Profilometer
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
3.3 Flowchart Sample Preparation and Characterization Technique
Figure 3.1 Flowchart of sample preparation.
Figure
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Only time duration were changed from 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes and 50 minutes in order to see the effect of time duration towards the growth rate the films. Five samples of films were made and every films have different time of deposition. Photo 3.2 shows the sputtering instruments used that are located at Material Science Laboratory, SST. Photo 3.2 Sputtering Instrument.
3.5 Characterization Technique
Sample has been done using sputtering technique. Thus the sample need to be analyzed as shown in Figure 3.2. The structure of the sample was examined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) while optical band gap by the UV-vis Spectrophotometer. The thickness and growth rate were examined by using profilometer.
3.5.1 Profilometer
Profilometer is instrument used for measure the thickness and Three Dimenson (3D) surface roughness on the thin films. Photo 3.3 shows profilometer instrument used at Sekolah Kejuruteraan Teknologi Maklumat (SKTM). It was mounted on a solid granite support plate with an active vibration damping system to prevent any vibration during the instrument is
Then the mass of the copper metal and the percentage of Cu were obtained and compared throughout different groups and a mean and standard deviation was calculated for the
This layer is virtually invisible as it has a very small thickness and is also transparent. In order to prevent the fogging and dirt on glasses, the coating must be under UV illumination for it to sustain the hydrophobic property. 3.2.2 Methods to fabricate TiO2-SWCNT composite There are enormous methods available to prepare the nanocomposite of CNT and TiO2 which are sol-gel method, electrospinning method, hydrothermal and more. 3.2.2.1 Sol-gel synthesis Sol-gel is a method in which small molecules are used to produce solid materials. The method is used for the fabrication of metal oxides.
The cuvette was placed in the spectrophotometer with the arrows, on both the cuvette and the SpectroVis, facing the same side. After the recording, the cuvette was removed from the SpectroVis and the content was poured back into the original volumetric flask. The absorbance as well as the maximum wavelength of each solution was recorded in Table 3 and
B) Briefly describe each method, including the specific types of scientific tools and equipment used. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale:
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Procedure and Observations To begin the lab, first all the correct equipment and materials had to be collected
3mL of the liquid in each of the vials were added into cuvettes and measured in the spectrophotometer. Before each time point the photo spectrometer was zeroed using a cuvette with 3mL of distilled water. If any of the results were considered unusual the machine was zeroed again and the sample was retested. The results from the spectrophotometer test were recorded in a table. The experiment was repeated six times to gain a sample size of six.
Fill each cuvettes with its respective solution. Turn on the spectrophotometer, so it can warm up then calibrate it to 0% absorbance. Put the corresponding extract blank and set the spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance, then calibrate it to 540 nm. Once catechol is added in the cuvettes, make sure the solution is mixed. Place carrot cuvette in the spectrophotometer and record the resulting transmittance.
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Materials and Methods The chemicals used to perform this experiment were distilled water, sodium chloride (NaCl), ice,
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Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction The objective of this lab is to find the percent yield of a product of a double displacement reaction. Procedure: Refer to handout entitled “Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction” Materials: Refer to handout entitled “Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction” Data & Observations: Data Table Calculated Molar Mass of CuSO4•5H2O 249.677 g Calculated Molar Mass of CuO 79.545 g Starting mass of CuSO4•5H2O 2.050 g Mass of 100-ml beaker and filter paper 52.600 g Mass of 100-ml beaker, filter paper, and CuO precipitate 53.450 g Calculations:
Background Information: The spectrophotometer is an
The objectives of this experiment were to use knowledge of chemical formulas and chemical nomenclature to experimentally determine the empirical formula of copper chloride. Common laboratory techniques were used to conduct a reaction between copper chloride and solid aluminum in order to get rid of the water of hydration. The amount of water of hydration in the sample of copper chloride hydrate was calculated by measuring the mass before and after heating the sample. Afterwards, an oxidation-reduction reaction was conducted, resulting in elemental copper.
The developing solution was poured into a tank and was tightly covered with a glass lid, and the tank was allowed to be saturated to ensure that the solution was equilibrated in the gas phase. Silica plate for TLC analysis: A horizontal line was drawn with a pencil on the plate and it was about 1 cm above the bottom of the plate. The horizontal line was drawn faintly so as to avoid damaging the silica gel on the plate. On the horizontal line, two marks were made and one was named A and the other B. These marks were made towards the centre of the plate at a distance apart because when spots are made at the edge of a plate, the result would be an improper travel of the samples as the solvent advances on the plate.