SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG
ELEN 3007: PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS
STOCHASTIC PROCESSES ASSIGNMENT
LAONE K. MATSHEDISO, 722441
14 OCTOBER 2016
INTRODUCTION
A stochastic process is a model for a time dependent random phenomenon or simply a collection of variables ordered in time [1]. The analysis of how systems behave in a random environment is called Stochastic modelling and has many applications, such as clinical research optimization, graphical derivations and data modelling in economics as well as information modulation and control transmission through telecommunication channels. In terms of Electrical Engineering, probability theory is used in the analysis of random signals and
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These inputs are fed into the cars AI and which will then plan a route and give constant directions to the vehicle command such as speed up, turn left etc. Figure 1 below shows a simplified flow diagram of the algorithm. The information given to the AI is constantly changing thus the directions to the vehicle command are updated frequently.
Figure 1: Simplified Algorithm for Self-driving car
These cars rely on sensors such as the Laser Illuminating Detection and Ranging – or LIDAR which is a 3D sensor that gathers real-time information on the location of the car and its surroundings. These sensors include lasers, radars and cameras detect objects in all direction and create a 3D map that must be interpreted by the on board computers AI. Figure 2 below shows an example of a 3D map created by information from the real time sensors. Figure 2: 3D map rendered to AI from sensors Lane Tracking
One of the duties of the AI is to work out the probability of another on the road switching lanes. This process is known as lane tracking
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This can be done using a neural network model based on the theory of conditional probability and Bayes’ rule [4]. A neural network is a computer system modelled on the human brain and nervous system. Queueing theory which is another discipline within the mathematical theory of probability can also be used to calculate the flow of traffic.
Calculating traffic flow can be considered as a point process as it consists of single arrivals of discrete entities i.e. individual cars.
The model uses three parameters to characterize traffic states: velocity (v), flow (q), and density (k). These parameters change with time. As a result, traffic states change continuously as a function of time. If S is defined as a variable to represent a traffic state, S can be written as S=(q,k,v). Additionally, velocity (v) and flow (q) can be represented as a function of density (k) by the traffic flow fundamental relationship q=kv. Thus the state of traffic can be represented by one variable S(t)=k(t).
Traffic speed/velocity was selected as the indicative traffic parameter defining traffic conditions at a specific location and time. This means that the traffic state is measured by vt the speed at
However, the cascade of the transmitter-to-relay and the relay-to-receiver channels, $h_{1} imes h_{2}$, are combined and represented by a single channel, $h$. Such representation leads to estimation of fewer parameters. It is to be noted that the real and imaginary components of $h$ have Laplace marginal pdfs. Details of the derivation of the statistical characteristics of $h$ is given in Section ef{sChmodel1.2}. The third channel model, represented by emph{Channel 2.1}, assumes $h_{1,k}$ and $h_{2,k}$ are time-varying circularly-symmetric complex Gaussian channels that take different values at every instant of $k$.
We observe the network throughput (in Mbps) by varing the following four parameters: (i) The numer of UE, say $N_{ue}$. (ii) Per UE's CBR traffic data rate, say $R_{cbr}$, in unit of kbps. (iii) Per UE's random walk speed, say $V_{walk}$, in unit of km/hr. (iv) The transmission power of the SeNB, say $P_{senb}$, in unit of dBm. The proposed traffic scheduler works every 100 TTIs, i.e., we set $I_t=100$ ms.
All KFUPM/ACHB examination regulations apply. Course: EE315: PROBABILISTIC METHODS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Semester-year: 131-2013-2014 Day-Date: THURSDAY November 14, 2013 Start time: 07:30 AM Finish time: 09:00 AM Instructor Name Dr. Belloui Bouzid Signature General Information to Students: Read and follow the instructions for each question carefully.
Cube. (2014). Google maps. Retrieved from: http://www.playmapscube.com/ This is an activity about the features of google maps. It could be used as an extension or as an example of the
Nicholas Carr introduces his opinion of automation through an example of the overused system of autopilots during an airline flight and questions our growing dependence to technology that is gradually beginning to complete task that we can do for ourselves. Carr moves on to reminisces back to his high school driving lessons, his experiences from driving automatic stick shift to manual stick shift and expresses his joy of being able to be in control of his own vehicle. He then focuses on the self – driving Google car that can effortlessly tours around the California and Nevada area, reporting that an accident did occur but was a manual drivers fault. Over the course of the chapter, he presents us with different scenarios of how technology plays
First of all, self-driving cars will be very expensive to purchase, and most people won’t be able to afford them. According to the article (What it really costs to turn a car into a self-driving vehicle), “When you ask carmakers and industry
In 1962 the first self driving car was invented by Robert Fenton, this vehicle was not intended for passengers as the whole inside of the vehicle was full of electronic equipment. This car also needed a track for guidance. In the 1980’s a group of German scientist built a vehicle
Autonomous cars sense their surroundings with cameras, radar, lidar, GPS and navigational paths. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to
Self-driving cars will not only revolutionize driving, it will change the way humans currently live their lives. Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman in their book, Driverless, state that “In the coming decade, self-driving cars will hit the streets, rearranging established industries and reshaping cities, giving us new choices in where we live and how we work and play.” (Mrs. Heyne – this is in the summary of the book, what should I put here as a page number?) Self-driving cars aren’t science fiction anymore, they are real, and they will be purchased by consumers in the millions within the coming decades. Autonomous cars are proven to be safer, and much smarter than manually-driven cars.
The technology that we have today is unbelievable compared to what the companies had when we first started to make cars. We all know that our future is getting more and more advanced, and we will possibly have these self driving cars within the next ten years. Overall, we need to prepare ourselves for the next generation of cars. This research paper is written to explain safety, pollution, and time that will be saved with the use of self driving cars.
Response to the Part 2: PESTLE Analysis on “Driverless Cars” in My City..... I am working in Hosur, Tamilnadu. Since already Mr. Kesavaraj covered his analysis on Hosur, I would like to take my Native City “Coimbatore, Tamilnadu” for my analysis. “Coimbatore” – Manchester, Nucleus & 4th Largest Cosmopolitan City of South India. It is well known for its year around awesome Climate & world’s Sweetest drinking water “Siruvani”.
While self-driving vehicles will provide a new form of technology in the future, they will affect our society by being an emerging technology that is innovative, dangerous, and unreliable. Self-driving cars are a new form of emerging technology. An article that was recently published discussed the positive and negative effects of self-driving buses which led to research on self-driving cars. The emerging technology of driverless vehicles was introduced on public roadways. Crelin stated that “Long predicted to be an impending and emerging technology, driverless vehicles developed slowly over the course of the twentieth century but emerged fully into public view in the first decades of the twenty-first” (1).
Speed limits are vital to ensure people’s safety, both the driver’s and surrounding pedestrians. The most common cause of road accidents are because of speeding. The higher speed increases the chance of an accident. Enforcing speed limits may help prevent accident that occur on roads. Statistics show the Each year over 700 people are killed in crashes involving someone exceeding the speed limit.
A self driving car is a automated vehicle that is designed to travel between destinations without
Across the world, hundreds of millions or even perhaps billions of people will be safer than ever, more prosperous than ever, and more efficient than ever. Despite, some people will say self-driving cars will foster an environment of less safety, rather than more. They say hackers may be able gain control of cars from the outside. However, this is not true because the sensors on a car can and will be programmed to automatically detect and shut down malicious invaders, through reasons which I actually will explain later. When the next great locomotion revolution comes, everyone needs to be ready to embrace all the benefits and great luxuries which will come with self-driving cars without any hesitation.