affects several areas. One of them are the results of SPEECH SYNTHESIS. Cao claims that the level of naturalness of synthesised speech is still not satisfying. The sentences sound rather monotonous, lacking a relative difference between fully articulated syllables and reduced syllables. “The major attention is on resolving local word stresses and main stress in a sentence, while the massive existence of the words pronounced without stress or of unstressed syllables is neglected.” She concludes that “at the time being, we still lack a comprehensive knowledge of the rules of stress and non-stress distribution in Chinese, especially of the occurrence of non-stress.” According to Cao, yet another area affected by insufficient research on non-stress …show more content…
(2002:126) suggest that, at least at the level of words, non-stress (instead of stress) is a crucial issue. They write: “In Chinese [i.e. in putonghua], the notion of stress and non-stress (轻重音) is considerably different from the Western languages. In Western languages, the focus is on the notion of stress. Except for the stressed syllable(s), all remaining syllables contained in a word are weakly stressed (弱重音) or unstressed (非重音). Chinese is the other way round: so called [sic!] stress (重音) in a word can only be [established] with regard and in opposition to non-stress (轻音); the stressed syllable does not have to be especially prominent (重读) at all.” We can interpret this idea in the following way. The words such as dòufu 豆腐 are perceived as trochee: the first syllable is felt as stressed, and the second syllable as unstressed. This impression is NOT due to the fact the first syllable, dòu, is pronounced as stressed, with an extra salience (enhancing the original features). Rather, it has to be attributed to the fact that the second syllable, fu, is unstressed (it has a neutral tone, short duration and possibly devoiced vowel; that means some of its inherent features are reduced or even deleted). In fact, tone 4 on the first syllable of dòufu may be realized as quite subdued, with a rather compressed pitch range a moderate duration, yet the word would still be perceived as trochee. Wang et al. (2002)’s observations about the importance of non-stress (instead of …show more content…
It appears that the notion of DE-STRESS is essentially important here. De-stressing leads to depriving particular syllables of some of their original, inherent features present in the lexicon (the motivated, though not common term de-stress conveniently reflects this process, unlike the neutral term non-stress). Phonological functions lie mainly in the presence of non-stress (lexical neutral tone being an obvious case), not in the presence of stress. Thus, if we leave aside emphasis , examining the process of STRESS ASSIGNMENT should better be replaced by examining the process of NON-STRESS ASSIGNMENT (the starting point of the analysis is thus different). In other words, an important task of the linguists appears to be to reveal the mechanism of and rules for de-stressing (reduction), rather than to find out which syllables become stressed (enhanced), to what particular degree and why. In my opinion, the reversed view of the issue may help to find the key to stress in Mandarin in future research. The present paper attempts to make a partial contribution to our understanding of the principles governing distribution of the unstressed syllables in connected
Brian Okpei ENGL 203 Professor Nelson Shake 15 November 2017 ***** In order to set oneself apart from the rest, we often tend to establish some sort of unique identity characteristics. This can include clothing styles, musical preferences, personal beliefs and much more indicators. Amongst these indicators is speech which is one of the more significant aspects, seeing as not only can it reveal a lot about someone but also is one of the first things used when evaluating a first impression.
This illusion is evoked when a listener is presented with an audio recording of one syllable, eg: /pa/ while watching a synchronized video recording of speaker’s face articulating different syllable, /ka/. Under these conditions, the majority of adults typically report hearing the syllable /ta/. The illusion is robust and obligatory, and has been demonstrated in adults and children and in numerous languages. The McGurk effect is based on the motor theory of speech perception which tells that production and perception are related.
Explanatory Synthesis According to Yehuda Berg “Words are singularly the most powerful force available to humanity. We can choose to use this force constructively with words of encouragement, or destructively using words of despair. Words have energy and power with the ability to help, heal, to hinder, to hurt, to harm, to humiliate and to humble.” (BrainyQuote)
All that we do, we are bound to encounter stress. Stress can be defined as a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances. Whenever one is facing difficulty ,suffering anxiety, or feeling worried,stress will immediately take over. Stress has been, and will remain to be, a natural part of our daily routine. This causes many to underestimate its overall effects.
To Rodriguez, what mattered more were not the mere words of language, but rather their sounds. Rodriguez would pay close attention to the way words sounded because they gave him insight on the speaker’s background in a language. He recounts the “high nasal notes” of the middle class English speakers as “being so firm and so clear” compared to the English of his parents which was characterized by a “hesitant rhythm” of “high-whining vowels and guttural [consonant]” sounds (Rodriguez 295). He compares the way the English language sounds to him spoken in the
According to National Institute of Health, stress is an internal state that people experience as they encounter changes throughout their lives. III. I have learned about the effects of stress due to my personal experience such as dealing with depression, weight gain, and being antisocial. IV. Today I will explain the physical, mental, and emotional effects of stress.
Cindy Liu Mrs. Puma English III Honors 17 January 2018 Annotated Bibliography: Stress or Anxiety Reduction/Management Block, Sandra. " De-Stress Your Life." Kiplinger 's Personal Finance, vol. 71, no. 2, Feb. 2017, p. 64. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com. Accessed 10 January 2018
Therefore, Dr. Giselle is able to provide an adequate analysis of the research data. Stephanie L. Hensel is a researcher in the Department of Education at the University of Michigan with an expertise in phonology, morphology, and sociolinguistics. The audience of the article is likely people who are interested in the field of sociolinguistics, particularly AAE. Overall, the article is more informative that
INTRODUCTION Stress is a word derived from Latin word “Stingere” meaning to draw tight. (Mojoyinola, 2008) Stress is your body’s way of responding to any kind of demand or threat. When you feel threatened, your nervous system responds by releasing a flood of stress hormones, and including adrenaline and cortisol, which rouse the body for emergency action. Your heart pounds faster, muscles tighten, blood pressure rises, breath quickens, and your senses become sharper. These physical changes increase your strength and stamina, speed your reaction time, and enhance your focus.
The most common definition would be a mental tension caused by a emotional, physical and mental factor. II. Thesis Statement: Though the definition of stress is already
` Stress Management Ash McStudent Mid-East Career and Technology Centers Stress Management Are you stressed? Need to know how to manage your stress? There are many ways to manage stress, everyone has a different way to cope, reduce, and manage stress. Finding the cause, changing your perception, and avoiding or altering the situation are some of the many ways to manage stress.
Stress refers to a dynamic interaction between the individual and the environment. In this interaction, demands, limitations and opportunities related to work may be perceived as threatening to surpass the individual's resources and skills. Stress is any physical or psychological stimulus that disturbs the adaptive state and provoked a coping response The increasing interest in stress research is probably because we live in a world that includes many stressful circumstances and stress has been a global phenomenon. It has become an integral part of life and is said to be the price we all pay for the struggle to stay alive.
Top 9 reasons on how stress affects eating. We are all if not all the time, under some level of stress in dealing with our daily routines. Be it stress at the work place, college, school or even at home, it still pervades us. We will discuss the top ten reasons on how stress affects our eating over the next few days.
3. Review of literature 3.1 Stress and its types: Stress is an essential mediator of human behaviour. Immediate physiological response to any type of stressor facilitates survival of the species at its maximum. Despite of normal homeostatic regulatory mechanism, the stress responses can become maladaptive. Chronic stress, for example immobilization, exposure to noise, irradiations, psychological stress can leads to a host of adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, obesity, depression and early ageing (McEwen et al, 2004).