Stroop Effect Trial Method
Niamh MacSweeney
14315343
13th November 2014
Research Skills and Methodologies 1
Word Count: 2,021
Influence of Trial Type on Reaction Time in a Stroop Test: Its Validity among a University Sample.
Abstract
The influence of trial type on reaction time in a Stroop Test among a university sample was investigated in an effort to determine the test’s validity in an undergraduate laboratory. 54 college students (15 male, 39 female) aged 18-67, viewed 4 trial types, Congruous, Incongruous, Control and Semantic, which were randomly repeated 36 times each. A within-subject design was used and each participant was required to name the ink colour of the word shown. The central tendency and standard deviation of participant’s reaction times for
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Processing speed has been proposed to be a key cognitive resource (Kail & Salthouse, 1994). It is thought that interference occurs in the Stroop test because words are read faster than colours are named. R Schweickert showed that the order of processing is task dependent. In a task that requires the participant to name the colour of the word, much like the Stroop Task, the word is first processed and then the colour. (Schweickert, 1978). The Selective Attention Theory suggests that reading words requires less attention than naming colours. The goal of avoiding distraction, e.g. ignoring words when naming their print colour in a Stroop task, is opposed intrinsically by the penchant to process conspicuous and correlated characteristics of the environment (e.g., noticing trial-to-trial associations between the colours and the words) (Melara & Algom, 2003). Such theories suggest that an automated process of reading exists. The Stroop Task is often used as a tool in cognitive psychology to explore how various kinds of behaviours interact.
This study investigated if the Stroop Effect was robust enough to be obtained in an undergraduate environment. The effect of each trial type on the participant’s reaction time was measured. It was hypothesized that Congruous trial reaction times should be faster than incongruous times and that the control and semantic
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Such distraction may have interfered with the participant’s concentration and thus skewed the results. However, it must be acknowledged that the validity of the Stroop Effect when tested in a university laboratory was being examined. If one was to develop this study further is would be recommended to omit this aspect of the experiment. Instead it might be better to focus on the various ways in which the Stroop Effect can be tested by extending the methodology (reading aloud and categorizing colours rather than simply naming them) and by increasing sample
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