Sulphite application is emerging as a promising biomass pretreatment method due to positive results obtained from several materials (Bensah and Mensah, 2009). University of Wisconsin, Madison researchers have developed an improved pretreatment process for conversion of biomass. This process, known as Sulfite Pretreatment to Overcome Recalcitrance of Lignocellulose (SPORL), reduces the energy consumption needed for size-reduction processes, required before enzymatic hydrolysis, by more than tenfold. The new method can use several aqueous sulfite or bisulfite solutions over a wide range of pH values and temperatures to weaken the chemical structure of the plant material. It is particularly suitable for woody biomass, softwoods such as pines …show more content…
In addition, the final enzymatic hydrolysis can be coupled directly after the pretreatment with or without washing the material or adding a surfactant to aid in the process. The pretreatment also can be used with steam explosion, using bisulfite as a catalyst. The hydrolyzed biomass can be separated and the sugars fermented or catalytically converted into fuels after pretreatment and the sulfonated lignin byproducts can be sold to established markets and other wastes burned to produce energy for the process. The novel SPORL approach is a superior method of biomass pretreatment because of its versatility, efficiency and simplicity. It also has excellent scalability to commercial production. The method will increase the energy efficiency of ethanol fermentation and catalytic fuel production processes through decreased size-reduction energy requirements and maximized enzymatic cellulose conversion in a short period of time. This increase in efficiency will allow biofuels and other bioproducts to become economically competitive with petroleum derived fuels and …show more content…
The conditions used were - liquor/wood ratio = 3 : 1 v/w; Temperature -180∘C and RT- 25 minute). SPORL pretreatment of switchgrass was superior to dilute acid (Zhang et al., 2013; Shuai et al., 2010) and alkali (Zhang et al., 2013) in terms of the digestibility of the pretreated substrates. Similarly, higher sugar yields and lower inhibitor concentration were found with SPORL pretreated agave stalk relative to dilute acid and sodium hydroxide (Yang et al., 2012). The SPORL process was also found superior to the organosolv and steam explosion pretreatments based on the total sugar recovery and energy consumption (Zhu and Pan,
In addition, raw sugarcane is a common biofuel that is used as an advantageous renewable energy; however, the greenhouse gas emissions are higher than that of corn (Renouf et al., 2008). The major disadvantage to the use of corn for ethanol fuel production was that starch must be converted to sugar and then converted to ethanol at a slower rate than sugarcane; however, the benefit to using corn was that there was lower carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions than that of sugarcane. Although sugarcane would be more efficient in ethanol production, the environment in the United States favors growing agricultural crops such as corn, instead of sugarcane. The positives to using sugarcane for ethanol fuel production in Brazil include the estimated 19 billion liters of ethanol that were produced in 2007, its expansive territory, and the availability of water (Martinelli et al., 2008). On the other hand, the cons of using sugarcane for ethanol fuel production in Brazil include environmental degradation and the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Martinelli et al., 2008).
This high production of biomass energy and reusing waste has more potential than just West Texas. Texas contains several farms, waste-water plants, and agricultural land to utilize for biomass energy
Ethanol fuel would be our way of changing to better the environment and our
In this laboratory experiment, 3.030 g of Isopentyl Acetate was synthesized and formed by the esterification of acetic acid with Isopentyl Alcohol. 1.0 mL of Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst in the reaction. The excess Isopentyl Acetate was used to shift the reaction to the right for esterification to occur. During the extraction, the excess of acetic acid and Isopentyl alcohol was extracted with sodium bicarbonate, and further purification of the Isopentyl acetate was done after through drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate and through simple distillation. The percent yield of the Isopentyl Acetate was 46.6 percent with a theoretical yield of 6.502g. In this laboratory experiment the acetic acid was in excess and the Isopentyl Alcohol was the limiting reagent,
Museum about WW1 By Mats Peletier V4A 1226 words Subject 1: Mustardgas Mustard gas, or sulfer mustard, was often used in ww1. It has the ability to form large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs. Within 24 hours of exposure to mustard gas, victims experience intense itching and skin irritation, which gradually turns into large blisters filled with yellow fluid wherever the mustard gas contacted the skin. Mustard gas vapor easily penetrates clothing fabrics such as wool or cotton, so it is not only the exposed skin of victims that gets burned.
1: Introduction to a hydrate. What is a hydrate? Why is it called a hydrate? A hydrate is a compound (usually crystalline) where water molecules are chemically bonded to another compound or an element. This is called a hydrate because the substance is hydrated.
Dissolution is the process that makes solutions. A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The solute in the solution is the substance that is dissolved, while the solvent in the solution is the substance that dissolves the solute during dissolution. The question introduced in this lab is “What factors influence the rate at which one substances dissolves in another?” The three factors that affect the rate of dissolution are temperature, how much you stir the mixture, and the particle size of the substances.
There are various drinks on sale, claiming to keep your body hydrated and full of energy. While some promise to strengthen your muscles, others swear to make you extra active. Is this the case? It is important to stay well hydrated throughout and especially when exercising. It is a fact that water is enough to hydrate your body for up to one hour during the workout.
Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable pH 3. Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity 1.
“Bath salts are a synthetic drug that create feelings of euphoria and can be taken by smoking, snorting, and injecting the substance. Users often re-dose as the effects only last for 3-4 hours, and may stay up for several days. Bath salts are seen as a cheap alternative to cocaine, ecstasy or methamphetamine. Side effects of bath salts may include insomnia, agitation, hallucinations, and even violent behavior upon first use. Long-term use can lead to liver and kidney damage, as well as a breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue.
The results do not support the hypothesis that a higher surface area to volume ratio would result in sulphuric acid being diffused into the agar cubes in the shortest amount of time. This is evident in the results as the exact opposite to what was predicted occurred. Instead of the smallest cube with the largest surface area to volume ratio of 1cm3 having the quickest diffusion rate, it conversely took the longest at 0.092 cm3 per second, whilst the 2cm3 cube with 0.0384 cm3 per second took the least amount of time. This directly refutes the hypothesis. There was also no consistent trend evident in the results.
thanol is the desired product for the experiment, and it can be produced in various methods. Traditionally, it can be produced by the fermentation of sugar, starches, or cellulose. Synthetic ethanol can also be produced from ethene with the use of steam and catalyst. In scheme 1, it shows the reaction of how ethene converts into ethanol. Using catalyst, often time H3PO4, and running the reaction in 300°C with high pressure and high steam, ethene will react with water and produces ethanol.
Sulphur Sulfur is a nonmetal element that is used for making gunpowder due to its explosive nature when mixed with other specific elements. The Atomic number of sulphur is 16 and it has an atomic mass of 32.066 AMU. Phosphorus Phosphorus is used in fertilizers and detergents.
Effect of Various nitrogen sources: The modified minimal media used for biotransformation of Eugenol has yeast extract (0.5gm/L) as its sole nitrogen source. This was replaced by beef extract, peptone, ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate respectively at 0.5gm/L to monitor effect of various organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. Culture was kept under optimum temperature and pH for an incubation period of 2, 4, and 6 days. 3.5.5. Effect of varying temperature and pH: Effect of varying temperature (5 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C and 45 °C) on biotransformation of Eugenol was studied at pH of 7.
acid detergent lignin NDIN- neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, Cellulose calculated as (ADF-ADL) In vitro enteric methane production In the current study, the in vitro methane production as shown in Table 2 indicates that after 24 h of incubation, there was significant differences (p<0.001) lower in substrates without PEG compared to the browse grass-substrates with PEG. The lower ratios for CH4: GP24, CH4: VFA and CH4: IVOMD that were observed for A. luederitzii is partly due to A. luederitzii having higher fermentation properties compared to the other browse grass-substrates, but is also related to the tannin concentrations that reduced CH4