Consequential Theory Rule Utilitarianism: I chose to use apply Rule Utilitarianism ; which is that one should follow the moral rule that would produce the most happiness if everyone followed it. We must evaluate the moral rules that are relevant to these kinds of situations and determine which rule would have the highest net utility if everyone followed it. (Goree) First we list moral rules that would be relevant to the situation. Secondly , we determine the net utility of each rule, if everyone followed it. Option A: Human cloning should be allowed. Scientists and Physicists should do all the experiments they want to do, WITHOUT any restrictions or government involvement. Right away we can see that major problems would develop if this were …show more content…
Third , choose the moral rule with the highest net utility. Of all the above moral rules evaluated, the last two rules have the highest net utility if everyone followed them. The two rules can be combined, and applied to the ethical problem. Fourth , apply this rule to the ethical problem under consideration. In conclusion , Rule Utilitarianism would tend to say that human cloning should be banned worldwide. Scientists and Physicists should practice lawful research and experiments, that will help improve people’s lives. They should practice integrity, honesty, and restraint in their experiments. Their goal should not be to clone humans, but to better understand the causes of diseases, and try to create cures. No person should be made to suffer for their experiments. The unpredictable outcomes of human cloning could possibly harm the surrogate mother, or the cloned human in the process. The important goal in this technology lies in the possible discoveries of cures for major disease that exist worldwide. At this time the negative pain and suffering that is required in creating a human clone does not make it morally permissible to
Should Taxpayer Money Go Towards Cloning? If therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning are both dangerous then why allow it in human and animal cloning? Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals. “95% of cloning have resulted in failures.”
Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. A human clone is therefore a genetic copy of an existing person. Reproductive cloning of humans was believed to be impossible until the birth of Dolly the sheep. Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Following this major scientific and technological breakthrough, it raised the possibility that humans can be cloned using the same procedure‒
Utilitarianism is a philosophical theory that claims that the morally right action is the one that produces more good and fewer dire consequences for everyone than any other action. Rule utilitarianism is a version that emphasizes the importance of following rules that promote the most important overall happiness or well-being for the most significant number of people. James Rachels, in his work "More Impertinent Distinctions and a Defense of Active Euthanasia," argues that in the case of euthanasia, "if an action promotes the best interests of everyone concerned, and violates no one's rights, then that action is morally acceptable." He argues that "in at least some cases, active euthanasia promotes the best interests of everyone concerned
Utilitarianism is one of the best-known theory under the consequentialism, and its idea is the Greatest Happiness Principle(GHP). According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Utilitarian believe that the purpose of morality is to
A student from the Michigan University (2007) defines Bioethics as an activity which is a shared, reflective examination of ethical issues in health care, health science, and health policy. These fields have always had ethical standards, of course, handed down within each profession, and often without question. Hence, the discussion of this standards is called Bioethics. This discussions takes place in the media, in the academy, in classrooms, in labs, offices, and hospital wards. The conversation is often sparked by new developments, like the possibility of cloning.
Dangers of Playing God and Human Cloning In Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein plays god and it costs him dearly. The cloning of humans would inevitably include controlling of human life, with dangers such as genetic abnormalities, and possible issues with human rights or societal views. When Victor makes his creation, he does not consider possible problems he might be causing for his creation. Victor’s creation suffers for all of the reasons listed to why human cloning can be dangerous.
Many believe cloning is a perversion of science, and some are even concerned with a real life Frankenstein situation: “Reproductive cloning… could lead to a Dr. Frankenstein’s vision of lab manufactured humans. To me this is a perversion of science” (Ford 1). Furthermore, in Frankenstein, Dr. Frankenstein detached from the world as he became obsessed with his studies, diminishing his health. A similar thing could happen to scientists who clone if they decide that they are “playing god,” which can be dangerous for the scientists and the clones. Cloning is so controversial and causes an overbearing amount of stress for it to be befitting to the human mind, as Victor Frankenstein puts it, “If the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy… those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful… not befitting of the human minds” (Shelley 50).
Utilitarianism is the moral theory that the action that people should take it the one that provides the greatest utility. In this paper I intend to argue that utilitarianism is generally untenable because act and rule utilitarianism both have objections that prove they cannot fully provide the sure answer on how to make moral decisions and what will be the ultimate outcome. I intend to do this by defining the argument for act and rule utilitarianism, giving an example, presenting the objections to act and rule utilitarianism and proving that utilitarianism is untenable. Both act and rule utilitarianism attempt to argue that what is right or wrong can be proven by what morally increases the well being of people. Act utilitarianism argues that
1.Utilitarianism decides what is morally right and wrong based off the amount happiness a decision creates compared to the unhappiness is caused by the decision. So if a majority of people would benefit and a minority would not then the decision is still morally right. Utilitarianism is also based more in facts then divine or religious codes. This does mean that what is and is not morally right can change as more facts are known. 2.
Rule utilitarian’s believe that they must obey the rules and must have a moral code in order to fulfill and maximize happiness and pleasure. Meaning that rules and laws that produce better results should be enforced. Rule utilitarianism focuses on the deontological theories, meaning that their principle is that we as human beings should not do evil, and should be optimistic and that the good will follow after that. This type of theory focuses on the rules and duties that the individual must use in order to reach the greater happiness and pleasure. In addition, rule utilitarianism has adapted a couple of outlooks that emphasize the importance of the moral code after the action has been committed.
Commonly, ethical systems are categorized into two major systems. The deontological approaches or normative ethical position which judges an action based on the adherence of the action to certain rules and the teleological approaches which judges primarily based on the consequences of an action (Hare, 1964). The Utilitarianism is assigned to the teleological approaches, as it does not evaluate an action by itself but by it’s
As per the reading suggested by the instructor about the philosophical idea of Consequentialism (Utilitarianism) given by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill and the other concept which is given by Immanuel Kant in the critics of Utilitarianism theory which is called Deontological Ethics. The reading given made understand about all these two concept and their possible application in the policy or law making like the universal law. Utilitarianism:- this is the concept used by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and the John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The core idea of this theory is the results comes from the action taken by the group of people or the individual. According to theory the outcomes will be judged weather the action was morally right or wrong.
Most people in our society, no matter what level of education that they may have, have heard of the cloning, specifically the cloning of Dolly the lamb, and have some notions regarding the idea of cloning humans. "The successes in animal cloning suggest to some that the technology has matured sufficiently to justify its application to human cloning" (Jaenisch et al.). However, not every agrees that human cloning is a something that should be put into practice (Hoskins). There generally seem to be two basic divisions on this issue: those who find it inappropriate and unethical, and those who find it a reasonable and necessary step in the progression of scientific research (Lustig).
Utilitarianism ethics falls in the under the consequentialism approach which determines an action is wrong or right by its consequences. Utilitarianism is an ethics principle which advocates that actions are either good or bad by the results they produce. If the action brings pleasure to the greatest number of people then it is good, if the result causes pain and grief, it is bad. Therefore, the end justifies the means – if the act will in due course bring happiness and pleasure, “the greater good”, then that act is ethical.
In the end, to summarize the main outline of this paper we talked about the utilitarianism theory, and how it was applied to five case studies. The utilitarianism theory gives supporters a decisive way to determine the morality of an action. Event though there are multiple forms of the utilitarianism theory, there is only one basic utilitarian standard; act utilitarianism. Implying that the best possible action to take is the one that brings about the most happiness. Through the various case studies we used the utilitarianism theory to evaluate, and make a conclusion based on the theory.