The Combahee River Collective Statement: A Summary, Including Today’s Relevance The Combahee River Collective, founded in Boston in 1974, was organized by black feminists, many of whom identified themselves as lesbians, who believed it was their duty and right to define their own politics among society. For years, black women alone had been oppressed, but for a black lesbian, the oppression was even greater. The Collective made it their mission to combat racial, sexual and class oppression as it related to the domination of patriarchy within their current society. This essay will summarize the history, the Collective’s Statement and how their practices are related to today’s feminist issues. A Brief History 2nd wave feminism motivated …show more content…
While these topics were just as important to black women, they felt as though they were being excluded within the movement. Black woman felt as though white women were racially discriminative of them, therefore The National Black Feminist Organization was formed. The NBFO focused on the biases of society concerning racism, sexism, and classism as it related to black women, but one aspect had been missing: lesbianism. Many of the women involved considered themselves to be lesbians and they felt as though the NBFO didn’t incorporate issues relating to black lesbian feminism. They began to feel resistance among their own members within the NBFO, in turn, leading to the birth of The Combahee River …show more content…
By researching and discussing the relationships between sexism, racism and economics during their many meetings and retreats, they succeeded in bringing awareness on a social level. An excerpt from the Collective’s avowal states, "As black feminists and lesbians we know that we have a very definite revolutionary task to perform and we are ready for the lifetime of work and struggles before us." This speaks volumes about the intentions and beliefs of these women, as well as their determination to make this a worldwide social movement. It is noteworthy to include that the Collective gives credit to the efforts put forth by their black women ancestors, such as Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth. Without brave women activists like these, awareness of racial and sexual identities may not have the powerful presence it does today. The Collective’s Statement served as a fervent mission to demolishing all oppressive practices and helped to forge movements within our current society. Today’s
At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance- a New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power by Danielle L. McGuire, does not sound at first like a book that would provide ample information about the role of the Ku Klux Klan in the Civil Rights Era, but through the various cases and demonstrations presented by McGuire, the reader is given insight into the Ku Klux Klan that has yet to presented by another author read for this study. In her book, McGuire analyzes various court cases and movements from the early 20th century into the 1970s to show the growth of the civil rights movement through black women's resistance. She focuses on the particular women involved and the role that respectability
Dubois and Judith Wellman are both looking at the women’s right movement. Dubois discusses the leading historical reforms, meetings, and individuals that led up to the Sceneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention in 1848. Wellman looks at who the one hundred individuals were that signed the Declaration of Sentiments during The Sceneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention and why they chose to sign it. Wellman examines the connections and the networks between all of the individuals involved at the convention and what influences those connections had on the Declaration of Sentiments. Wellman uses a variety of resources to come to conclusions on her questions presented.
During the late 1960s and 1970s, Florynce “Flo” Kennedy was a household name around the country. Decades later, very few people recognize the name of the prominent black feminist. Historical accounts of second wave feminism tend to all but erase her
The fifth chapter hits on the tough subject of women and black liberation. There were many African American women that could address both group’s concerns, that referred to themselves as black feminists. The D.C. chapter of the National Black Feminist Organization focused on many of the same issues as the mainstream groups; for example, the Equal Rights Amendment and equal employment opportunities. Their organizational activities demonstrated how black women were trying to advance gender equality through ending racial oppression. The next chapter focuses on lesbian feminism, specifically a group called the Furies.
Crenshaw (1989, 1993) argued that race and gender are not mutually exclusive social identities that a Black woman experiences, the intersection of race and sexuality go accordantly with each other. Similarly, hooks argued that they are equally congruent values to the lives of those affected by such identities (2000). Crenshaw (1989) criticized the feminist movement for its failure to consider and promote the voices of women in the margins; the women who occupy more than one oppressed space and hold more than one oppressed status because of their race, sexuality, class, as well as gender. She noted, in “mapping the margins,” as did hooks, that some women are so oppressed in ways other than their gender that they do not see the feminist movement
Throughout history and today, the American Civil Rights Movement has been portrayed in many forms, such as museum exhibitions, school curriculums, movies, social media, and activism. They all portray the American Civil Rights Movement as a fight for equality and justice. However, many representations of the American Civil Rights Movement ignore the crucial roles played by African American women and how race and gender interacted during this period. Gender had an impact on the experiences of individuals that were fighting for their rights during civil rights history in twentieth-century America. It is important to note that gender shaped how people experienced discrimination and injustice during the Civil Rights Movement.
One of the most outstanding figures of the Black Feminism, Anna Julia Cooper, fought irresistibly for the black women`s rights. Because of her stance, she was often called “the voice of the South” (Rosser-Mims, 2010). She argued that a black woman “is confronted by both a woman question and a race problem, and is as yet an unknown or an unacknowledged factor in both” (Cooper, 1969). African American women have to struggle with discrimination against their race and, at the same time, they have to fight for recognition in their workplaces where leadership positions are usually occupied by men. Cooper wanted to prove that women can succeed in every spheres of life and should be treated equally with men.
This new movement was influenced by the struggles in which blacks endured in the United States pushing forward a new political agenda for black women in the Civil Rights Movement. However, even with this new state of awareness by the mind, black women were restricted in participating in certain activities due to their
This is especially true when one considers the fact that many of the the civil rights “giants” in Montgomery during that time like Dr. King were transplants from other black communities throughout the United States, not natives of the community. In reality, the Women’s Political Council paved the way for the entirety of the civil rights movement to occur as their courage, tenacity, and fearlessness actively countered the prevailing social order that blacks in Montgomery, Alabama and throughout the nation were an unfortunate participant of long before there was a national shift in public opinion on the topic of civil rights after the arrest of Rosa Parks and the emergence of the sit-in
In today’s society we still have a form of Movements within the racial and gender aspects. Now we have the NAACP that is one of the eldest organization groups for African-Americans in the United States. One of the original members included Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, James Weldon Johnson, and many more members that participated in the civil rights. Some original member were abolitionists such as Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard. Feminist that still live on today fight fir the right of gender equality, race, sexual, and etc.
Wallace Thurman poses the question “What did the color of one’s skin have to do with mentality or native ability” (Thurman 50). For a woman in America, quite a lot! While some have the luxury of living in “one nation, with liberty and justice for all”. For African American women, justice is hard to come by, and liberty is nothing more than a term without any true purpose or meaning. It is true, “to be black is no disgrace, just often very inconvenient”, but to be both African American and female, is nearly unbearable (Johnson,.
It either includes all women, or it’s not feminism” (Makers). She frequently reminds individuals that it was disproportionately women of color, especially black women, who created the feminist movement. She contends that erasing black women’s integral contributions disgraces the founders of the movement and eradicates the efforts of feminism’s true founding
The distinction knocking the term "white feminist," dawned the name black feminist used to criticize feminists who do not acknowledge issues of intersectionality, when it comes to race and gender (Blay, 2011). The recognition and understanding of oppression faced by black women are not detained by the dominant conceptualization of group consciousness, which tends to focus on either race or gender consciousness. Too often, "black" was considered synonymous with black men and "woman" was equated with white women. As a result, black women were an unnoticed and unrecognized group whose existence and needs were ignored (Simien& Clawson, 2004). The theoretical framework of Black feminism seeks adequately address the way race, gender, and class were symbiotic in their lives and to fight racist, sexist,
A cause of corruption, discrimination and inequality, the cause of death of many innocent lives. Throughout the long history, racism has been a subject of much debate, most notably in The United states of America. There have been numerous actions that suggest that racial inequality might still be intact with America’s modern society, such as the extreme violence shown by the police that has been roaming all over social media recently. This has eventually led to the creation of the controversial “Black lives matter” group. “Black lives matter” is an organization is an international activist campaign that disapproves of violence towards the African -American community.
5). The first wave feminists are regarded as the ‘godmothers’ of feminism because they claimed for controversial and critical changes, which then became part of women’s lives (Baumgardner & Richards, 2000; Henry, 2004; Heywood, 2006, as cited in Ewig & Ferree, 2013, p. 448). They laid the ground for further following feminists’ waves and movements, as for example the second wave of feminism (1960s – 1970s). Intersectionality was one of the ground-breaking differences in comparison to the first wave of feminism. The second wave feminists included a variety of women, other than just the white-bourgeoisie western women.