Brian Dwyer 07/14/2017 History 5566 Critical Book Review: The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander, the author of The New Jim Crow, writes about how African Americans in the US are still marginally oppressed. Alexander claims that the prison system and laws in America are one of the primary ways that blacks are still in a state of slavery. She says how being, “colorblind” is a nice idea, but does not serve the need to emancipate African Americans from oppression. Alexander does a good job keeping things current, and talking about how our systems are built to hold blacks down, but does not go into much detail about how to fix the issue at hand. She says, nobody likes to talk about race, but we will be unable to move past these issues until we …show more content…
While working for the ACLU her main missions were to create equality in education and criminal justice for African Americans. She talks about her personal experience with racial bias, politically, economically, and socially. Before writing The New Jim Crow, Alexander was the main creator of her campaigns against racial profiling by law enforcement, which she called, “Driving While Black or Brown”. Alexander graduated from Stanford Law school, and attended Vanderbilt University. In addition to working at the ACLU, Michelle worked as a lawyer, specializing in lawsuits that had to do with race and gender discrimination. She is a writer, public speaker, and mother of three children, which she often refers to in her …show more content…
It is painful for me to think that I have a part in the oppression of African Americans in the USA. I read books about Reconstruction, The Civil War, lynching, and the Jim Crow laws, and think, “thank god, we don’t live in that world anymore.” Unfortunately, the harsh reality is that we do live in a world where there in still slavery, it is just more subverted then in the 1900’s. Not all people are lawyers and can commit themselves to legal battles. There needs to be a way that white people, and the working class, can stand to change the ways this country oppresses minorities. Sure, this has been more than a century long battle, but education is important. This book serves it purpose, and Michelle Alexander’s aim of educating people on the oppressive legal systems in America, is met. Alexander says, “Arguably the most important parallel between mass incarceration and Jim Crow is that both have served to define the meaning and significance of race in America. Indeed, a primary function of any racial caste system is to define the meaning of race in its time. Slavery defined what it meant to be black (a slave), and Jim Crow defined what it meant to be black (a second-class citizen). Today mass incarceration defines the meaning of blackness in America: black people, especially black men, are criminals. That is what it means to be black.” We must change the
African-Americans have been subjected to racial injustices for ages due to their skin color, especially in the south. African-Americans can barely offer a home, let alone food for their families due to the obstacles whites have created. In the 1960’s Martin Luther King Jr. and others took action to stop the racial bigotry that African-Americans were undergoing this is important because Martin Luther King Jr. plays a big role in creating movements that help African-Americans and is talked about in both books. Although some blame the government for allowing the court to alter laws that oppress African-Americans, discriminatory whites are more at fault because they are the ones invoking and presenting them to the court. The nonfiction book “The
In the book, The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander, she depicts the mass incarceration rate in American and recalls cases of people going to prison that personally affected here. The majority of the African-American men are either in prison or have some type of criminal record making it unable for them to vote and get jobs. Alexander describes the criminal justice systems as the “New Jim Crow,” a modern type of oppression for African Americans. Not only does FreeQuency talk about mass incarceration rate she also touches on police brutality in her poem. FreeQuency says, “criminal before child,” (FreeQuency, 59) and “I will not take it for Oscar Granted/that they will not come/and kill my son” (FreeQuency, 67-69).
But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity;” (King, I). Tom Robinson was a black man who was accused and has felt the “stinging darts of segregation” especially when Mayella calls rape against him and he is convicted for a crime he did not commit all because he is black and she is white.
In light of my freshman year summer reading assignment of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander, I found intergroup theory to be an intriguing solution to Alexander’s assertion. Intergroup theory proposes that both organization groups and identity groups affect one’s intergroup relations and thereby shape one’s cognitive formations (Ott, Parks, Simpson, 2008). Alexander exchanges her views on the correlation between race related issues specific to African American males and mass incarceration in the United States. Further, Alexander goes on to provide statistics to show how African American males are predisposed to mass incarceration. I feel the solutions to the problems Alexander raise in her
This new law caused an increase from an estimated 300,000 to 2 million prison inmates over the course of the last two decades. (Michelle Alexander, 2010) According to Rebecca C. Hatey and Jennifer L. Eberhdt of Stanford University, California holds only 7% of African American population but 45% of California’s prison inmates are African American under the three strikes law. (Racial Disparities in Incarceration Increase Acceptance of Punitive Policies 2014) Michelle Alexander writes that the mass incarceration of the 1990’s created a new “racial caste system” and extreme funding for the criminal system.
Michelle Alexander is a civil right lawyer and advocate which makes her a credible author as she has expertise in this topic. (newjimcrow.com; About the Author) Summary The New Jim Crow is split up into multiple sections within each chapter.
Over the weekend, I watched the powerful Netflix Documentary”13th”, which addressed the loopholes outlined in the 13th Amendment, which allowed a form of slavery to continue through convict leasing of African-Americans, particularly the men. I learned that many Anglo-Americans in the 21st Century are misinformed or uninformed about racism today believing that it is a figment of the African-American community’s imagination. They are under the impression that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended racism. However, the reality for the African-American community is that racism is present in the 21st Century America, but repackaged to support the ideology of “The New Jim Crow Justice”, the mass incarceration of people of color.
Michelle Alexander, similarly, points out the same truth that African American men are targeted substantially by the criminal justice system due to the long history leading to racial bias and mass incarceration within her text “The New Jim Crow”. Both Martin Luther King Jr.’s and Michelle Alexander’s text exhibit the brutality and social injustice that the African American community experiences, which ultimately expedites the mass incarceration of African American men, reflecting the current flawed prison system in the U.S. The American prison system is flawed in numerous ways as both King and Alexander points out. A significant flaw that was identified is the injustice of specifically targeting African American men for crimes due to the racial stereotypes formed as a result of racial formation. Racial formation is the accumulation of racial identities and categories that are formed, reconstructed, and abrogated throughout history.
However, what they fail to see is that it’s a social fabrication. In America, there’s a singularity where some individuals have advantages because of their skin color, while unfortunately others are victimized for the equivalent reason. The deep-rooted controversy of inequality and prejudice has insinuated the social fabric in our American society and government, as African Americans still experience discrimination on all levels until today, but society seems to be blind to that fact. As mentioned in the article “Redesigning Racial Caste in America via Mass Incarceration” written by Gilda Graff, “The extent of America’s continuing blindness to the New Jim Crow can be seen in the presidential nominee Obama’s 2008 Father’s Day address about missing black fathers, a message delivered many times by black ministers as well as by Bill Cosby, Sidney Poitier, and Louis Farrakhan” (126). As an example Kimberly Houzah, a twenty-seven-year-old woman was kicked out of a Victoria Secret store at the Quintard Mall in Oxford, Alabama.
African Americans are considered to be a racial minority, but even with this on our shoulders African Americans can still rise up in their own field of expertise. Take Michelle Alexander as a strong example for an African American,a woman, to become so successful in her life so far. She is a writer, civil rights advocate, and a professor of law at Ohio State University. How did she get to this place in her life? Michelle started as a graduate to Stanford Law School and Vanderbilt University.
Annotated Bibliography Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Alexander opens up on the history of the criminal justice system, disciplinary crime policy and race in the U.S. detailing the ways in which crime policy and mass incarceration have worked together to continue the reduction and defeat of black Americans.
Slavery is over therefore how can racism still exist? This has been a question posed countlessly in discussions about race. What has proven most difficult is adequately demonstrating how racism continues to thrive and how forms of oppression have manifested. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow, argues that slavery has not vanished; it instead has taken new forms that allowed it to flourish in modern society. These forms include mass incarceration and perpetuation of racist policies and societal attitudes that are disguised as color-blindness that ultimately allow the system of oppression to continue.
African Americans will also feel emotionally violated as they are receiving punishment for being a different race compared to the most “prominent” people in the America. Accordingly, although Katie Pavlich in her article “America is not racist” denies America’s racist attitude, she provides an exceptional example to this so-called “non-existent” attitude. Pavlich sheds light on the Jim Crow laws that were the root of controversy in the nation during the mid-1900s. These laws placed enormous unreasonable restrictions on blacks based on their race. These restrictions, in the end, led to numerous African Americans
Ethos was also used as a means of backing up her claim and to regard her source as credible and trust worthy. Michelle Alexander uses ethos to her advantage, because of her status and credibility. She is a well-known American rights litigator and legal scholar who was praised by James Forman Jr from Yale university she was also Alexander has litigated numerous class action discrimination cases and worked on criminal justice reform issues. She is a recipient of a 2005 Soros Justice Fellowship of the Open Society Institute.
Invisible Man: The History and Connectedness of the Character The Black Struggle in the United States of America, dating back to the eighteenth century and before, is alive and well in the modern day. Beginning with the Atlantic Slave Trade in the eighteenth century, blacks were viewed as an inferior breed and had no civil rights- they were inhumane and barbaric. Before the Emancipation Proclamation was passed in 1863, they were property of the white man. In a governmental context, the Emancipation Proclamation brought the black community to an equal level, yet the same struggle for civil rights has been relative and extremely prominent in the twentieth century- when racism and bigotry was at an all time high (Otis).