After the conclusion of the American Civil War in 1865, there was a period during which the American Military was among the strongest in the world. However, after the war, citizens and politicians began to question the need for a strong military. General Sheridan, Commanding General of the Army (1844), evaluated that the probability of a full scale attack on America was highly improbable due to complicated logistics across seas. This, therefore allowed Americans to focus on domestic problems as opposed to international interests. One of these problems was a lack of naval strategy. As a result of a military revival beginning in 1883, the Naval War College, a post-graduate institute for officers to study the art of war, was born under Commodore Stephen Luce.
In order to supplement the need for the study of strategy, Luce invited Captain Alfred Mahan to teach and “lay the foundations of that science” at the institution. Mahan eventually composed a trilogy of books which established his reputation as the premier naval strategist to this day. The most famous of these, was The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890). In this volume, Mahan reflected upon both successful and unsuccessful naval engagements of the past to inaugurate a new American naval doctrine.
Mahan’s plan to win wars, was to gain and maintain sea control. In order to accomplish this, he believed that sea communications— the routes and paths taken— would be the most influential factor. Once a navy controls or restricts another’s communications, the controlling party gained the “weather gauge.” Upon gaining this upper hand, the armada was to begin its
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While a great deal was learned from the past through his studies of Jomini, Mommsen, and others, it did not account for the changing future. Both the technologies and the desires of the American citizens evolved to ultimately make his navy
Naturalist John Burroughs once said of his friend Theodore Roosevelt, "Roosevelt was a many-sided man and every side was like an electric battery. Such versatility, such vitality, such thoroughness, such copiousness, have rarely been united in one man.” While many people know Roosevelt the war hero, Roosevelt the President, or Roosevelt the naturalist, his contributions as an author/historian shouldn’t take a back seat to T.R.’s numerous other accomplishments. In The Naval War of 1812, Roosevelt aims to craft the complete unbiased work on the naval combat between the United States of America and Great Britain from 1812-1815. When it was published in 1883 it became an instant sensation in the academic world.
When looking back on the changes and continuities of commerce throughout the Indian Ocean regions from 650 AD to 1750 AD, many noteworthy aspects can be seen. One such continuity was repeated usage of trade routes by different merchants and economic groups to import and export goods. Another significant change was the increase of involvement by European traders. Overtime they began to involve themselves more and more in the Indian Ocean trade networks and even began to colonize land.
In the spring of 1864 Grant pursued Lee throughout Virginia, while the union General william T. sherman moved towards atlanta, with his army of 100,000 men, still excited about winning their past battles in southern tennessee. But they ran into a resistance of Joseph Johnston. He lead an army of less people, but they were more experienced than the Union Army. Johnston’s tactics were shaped by the military realities and politics. He realized that Lincoln’s re-election was doubtful.
Daughan builds a convincing case that a navy of row galleys, whaleboats, and gun boats could have performed much better. In fact, early in the war, before Royal Navy admiration took hold, swarms of small boats made effective raids on British vessels. These boats allowed the colonists to take advantage of their local knowledge: They could hide in creeks, strike at the enemy, and escape into the shallows. This was precisely the strategy British commanders feared most, but the Continental Congress wanted a large navy. Overall, Daughan offers a strong explanation for the poor performance of the Continental Navy and issues an important challenge for policymakers today: Fight the war you are faced with by using the strategy it demands.
When looking back onto the great history of American leaders and generals, many names notably stand out. These American heroes helped to shape the future of our country, from the efforts of General Dwight D. Eisenhower in the Second World War, to General Douglas Macarthur of the Korean War, to even George Washington in the Revolutionary War. Regardless, each of these brave leaders allowed for their respective forces to attain victory, yet in this caveat, the legacy of many brilliant and skillful generals is lost. Victory does not determine skill, and such a notion has never attested to a military leader as much as it applies to General Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate Forces in the American Civil War. Lee’s proficiency in battle tactics and
In writing A Voyage Long and Strange, Tony Horwitz’s goal is clear, to educate others on early America and debunk ignorant myths. Horwitz’s reason for wanting to achieve this goal is because of his own ignorance that he sees while at Plymouth Rock. “Expensively educated at a private school and university- a history major, no less!-I’d matriculated to middle age with a third grader’s grasp of early America.” Horwitz is disappointed in his own lack of knowledge of his home country, especially with his background history and decides not only to research America’s true beginnings, but to also follow the path of those who originally yearned to discover America.
Admiral David Farragut has successfully seized New Orleans from the grasp of the Confederacy on April 24th, 1862. Two of the major opponents to the Union’s advancement in the war were Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, which had been brutally seized from Union troops. Those forts were used to provide a front line of defense from any kind of naval assault on New Orleans. Now, however, securing New Orleans has put a serious dent in the Confederacy’s strength. Farragut accomplished this great feat by organizing an assault on the enemy forts with a daring fleet of 24 gunboats, 19 mortar boats, and nearly 15,000 soldiers on the night of April 24th; it soon forced the forts to surrender.
In the Battle of Gettysburg it was an important victory for both sides. It was a turning point for the North if they won. It was an important victory for the South because if they would of won the battle they would've probably won the war. In the Battle of Gettysburg Lee’s plan was to try to invade the North although the North had already established the ‘’J’’ hook and had the high ground, which meant that if the South wanted to attack they would have to go from the low grounds up to the high grounds where the Union was .
In order for a president to have the most possible success in executing his powers as Commander in Chief, that president must first understand how the military operates. The best way to understand this operation is by experiencing a position in the military firsthand. Andrew Jackson had this very experience as he served as a major general in the war of 1812. “Old Hickory’s” ability as a leader brought him to lead his troops into victory against the British in New Orleans in 1815. This win would eventually give Jackson the title of “National War Hero”.
The U.S. had only sixteen warships ready; Britain’s navy had around a thousand. At this time, Britain was also at war with France, so although not all of Britain’s navy ships were fighting America, America was still outnumbered. To many, it seemed that America would need a miracle to turn out victorious. America, the unprepared army, against Britain, the largest navy in the world; any onlooker would agree that without a miracle, America would lose badly. The facts all pointed to America losing, but at sea, things were looking brighter for America.
Written and published by Alfred T. Mahan, an extremely influential historian and naval officer in the 1800s, “The Influence of Sea Power Upon Hisory, 1660-1783” urged leaders to increase the power of American Naval forces in an attempt to gain global strength. Mahan believed a more powerful navy would benefit the nation’s ultimate prosperity and greatness. In this assertion, the U.S. government decided to increase their Naval forces by the production of 11 new steel battleships. The increase in military allowed the U.S. to influence more parts of the globe as well as participate in additional complex foreign
People were also worried about what the cost of the navy could do to the economy. The cost did prove to be high: “In 1890, naval expenditures exceeded $22 m” (Cortes, Feb
“1776” is a story of war. This book chronicles the year 1776 and the different battles that took place during the year. Instead of exploring the political changes the year oversaw, Pulitzer Prize winner, David McCullough explores in a different perspective on the battles that occurred during the year. From battle strategies, to the lives of Major Generals, McCullough takes you through the story in a more realistic and factual perspective. “1776” offers an intimate look into the military aspects of the revolutionary war which creates a more lively and engaging literature.
The book is an apt textbook as it details the important concepts of colonial history in America. Hawke (1989) also takes a balanced approach in order to give the diverse viewpoints of notable scholars while discussing the history of early America. Moreover the topics clearly examine and explain every single section and notion including scholarly opinions. Overall the book has been excellently written and has highly researched text which provides knowledge to the readers about the early history of
As a strong naval officer, he argues that the growing production of the US economy demands control of other territories. He also supported that the quest for power requires the US to gain control not only of the sea but also protected harbors outside the US. His writing and influence saw the acquisition of strategic naval bases including Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (Ninkovich