Essay On Surfactants
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Surfactant and Biosurfactants
Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Due to their amphiphilic nature, these surface-active molecules facilitate the production of foam, emulsions and dispersions. Thus their application in many different fields ranging from cleaning to applications in food-processing (usually as emulsifiers), enhanced oil recovery (EOR), medical, cosmetics, agriculture or even the pharmaceutical sector.
Originally, surfactants were exclusively produced from renewable resources like plant oils or animal fat; however, the majority of available surfactants today are derived from petro-chemical sources [1]. There are only partially or slowly biodegradable and
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(a)miscelles , (b)liposomes , (c) lipid bilayer
Due to their amphiphilic structure, biosurfactants increase the surface area of hydrophobic water-insoluble substances, increase the water bioavailability of such substances and change the properties of the bacterial cell surface. Surface activity makes surfactants excellent emulsifiers, better foaming property, higher selectivity and dispersing agents. They are active at extreme temperatures, pH and salinity as well, and can be produced from industrial wastes and from by-products.
1.3 Classification and Properties of Biosurfactants
Biosurfactants are categorized by their chemical composition, molecular weight, physico- chemical properties and mode of action and microbial origin.
Most commonly, surfactants are classified according to polar head group. A non-ionic surfactant has no charged groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net positive, or negetive charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed
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