Vensotation Translation Technique

In the first column are presented syntactic strategies.

• The first one is LITERAL TRANSLATION when translation into target language (TL) is very close to source language (SL).

• The second is LOAN, CALQUE when individual terms or syntagma are borrowed. TRANSPOSITION translation strategy is very clearly described by Venuti: “Transposition involves replacing one word or class with another without changing the meaning of the message.” (Venuti, 2000: 88) According to Catford

• UNIT SHIFT is “syntactic translation technique or strategy; a change of unit from source to target (the units are sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme).” (Catford, 1965)

• PHRASE STRUCTURE CHANGE produces changes at the level of the phrase and CLAUSES STRUCTURE CHANGE

• DISTRIBUTION CHANGE (EXPANSION/ COMPREHENSION) is a change in the distribution of the “same” semantic components over more items (expansion) or fewer items (compression)

• EMPHASIS CHANGE is semantic translation technique involving a change of emphasis or thematic focus

• PARAPHRASE is a translation strategy which is a middle way between metaphrase and imitation, not too close and not too free; more generally, a translation that can be described as loose, free, sometimes even ‘undertranslated’. (Dryden 1960)

• TROPE CHANGE semantic translation strategy that “change in the use of figurative expressions such as metaphor, personification etc.” (Chesterman, 1997)

• OTHER SEMANTIC CHANGES (MODULATION) is “a technique involving generalization or specification.” (Leuven-Zwart 1989/1990)

In the last section are presented pragmatic translation strategies which include also ten subcategories.

• CULTURAL FILTERING refers to “a type of cultural transposition in which a source-language expression is transferred verbatim into the target language because it is not possible to translate it by a suitable target-language equivalent.” (Hervey and Higgins