1. Introduction (See Appendix 1- Conflict Tree map)
The purpose of this paper is to focus on the successful mediation and negotiation process that ended the Tajik Civil war. The Tajik conflict has continued to receive little or no public attention when compared to other conflicts such as those in Rwanda and Somalia. Nonetheless, the negotiations needed to take place in order to stop the brutality against innocent civilians and to encourage mutual respect between the Tajik government and the opposition group. Hence, after the Tajik war in May 1992, negotiations by third party moderators such as the United Nations, Russia and Iran was quickly started in June 1997 (Tetsuro, 2010: 1). Evidently the United Nations was the most important party
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The reliability of the mediator is also important to the successful outcome of any mediation as it allows the conflicting sides to trust any information that be being passed on to them from the third party (Greig and Patrick, 2008: 760). Thus, the ripeness for mediation often occurs when both sides agree that reaching a compromise is best for them or the state. Therefore, when conflict results in huge human and financial costs for both sides such that neither side can singlehandedly impose a resolution, both opponents then become interested in moving towards a negotiated outcome (Greig and Patrick, 2008: 761). Mason and Fett, argue that mediation is mostly to be expected at the later stages of conflict. Meaning, a longer duration of conflict is most likely to increase the probability of a negotiated outcome. Zartman, on the other hand argues that conflicts are ready for resolutions at the beginning or at the later stages of occurrence (Melin and Svensson, 2009: 264). In regards to the United Nations mediation in Tajikistan, the former argument by Mason and Fett holds more. Although there seemed to be a situation of ripeness for negotiations to take place as both sides were aware of the damages of war. It was only in 1995, four years after the start of the Tajik civil war in 1992 that the …show more content…
Both the Tajik government and the United Tajik Opposition tended to perceive each other with deep suspicion and bitterness, which resulted in an unwillingness to engage with each other in dialogue. Dialogue, which could have in turn resulted in resolutions that could have resolved the conflict quicker (Nathan, 1998: 2). Right from the beginning, the negotiations had reached several deadlocks, which evidently revealed to both sides that neither was in a position of winner takes all. Thus, both sides recognized that they were in a mutually hurting stalemate (Iji 2010:17). As a result of this, the only solution available was thus to find a way out, moreover, this then created a ripeness for mediation as peaceful results could not be achieved without the intervention of a third party (Melin, 2013, 89). Also, the crisis in Afghanistan additionally played an essential role in pushing both parties to negotiate. The quick rise of the radical Islamist and Taliban movement situated in Pashtun, Afghanistan in 1995-1996 transformed the motives for mediation and negotiations. Foreign state observers involved in the mediation process therefore pressured their Tajik allies to reach a diplomatic settlement based on their fear that the Taliban might
“When we talk about analytic versus intuitive decision-making, neither is good or bad. What is bad is if you use either of them in an inappropriate circumstance.” Preparation for mediation uses both these methods. While it is important have an opening statement, certain points you wish to cover, question outlines, and knowledge of background information when available; much of the actual mediation is left to chance. A good mediator needs to be able to think on their toes, always ready to react and assess the parties and their
Although anti-war elements often argue that war could be avoided if only the prospective protagonist would sit down and talk things over, it is important to understand how a sit down works to be successful. Communication between two conflicting parties is a tough process whether it is between two people, two businesses or two or more countries. There is no way to know for sure if sitting down and talking things over could have prevented the war of 1812, it may have helped, but it would have just delayed the inevitable. A disagreement that leads to conflict is no different whether it is between two people or two countries. The only difference is the scale of the people affected.
The Civil War was one of the most immense battles in American History. The war started in 1861 and lasted for 4 years. This war was between the Union and the Confederacy. By the end of this devastating war, the Reconstruction era began. During the Reconstruction of 1865-1877, many different issues, including political, social, and economic impacted African American lives in many different ways.
Many believe that the Syrian war has been prolonged by outside involvement contributing to the war in Syria. A big conflicting matter is the support of different oppositions when going from country to country. Recently a big issue is Russia’s support to the Assad Regime against the United States’s support for the Syrian Rebels. This truly is believed to be the single largest factor contributing to prolonged war and failure of reconciliation efforts (Document F). US led coalition airstrikes and Russian airstrikes have also played a big part in delaying the end to the war in Syria.
It is important to keep the groups small for mediation because smaller groups are more likely to be successful in mediation talks (Klerman and Klerman 692). While reducing the number of people at the table inevitably reduces the amount of voices that can be represented, the committees will still be large enough as to not marginalize significant voices. Each mediation must also have somebody controlling the discussion. In this instance, legislators in Florida will pass a bill allocating $200,000 to pay for professional mediators from the United States Department of Justice directing the discussion. A professional mediator can analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each case before setting expectations for the results (Klerman and Klerman 691).
Many view the Western Powers as innocent in this conflict, however this article states otherwise. It is valuable because one person/country’s opinion should not count more than another’s. • Limitations – This source is opinionated, one-sided and biased against the Western Powers as it is written from the perspective of a person intentionally questioning the norm. It states radical opinions as facts. This secondary source is not reliable because it could be based on speculation and twisting of facts as there is a lack of evidence.
The Civil War began in 1861 and ended in 1865. Between the North and South, the Civil War determined what kind of nation the United States would be. The fight was mostly over the rights people should get. Things such as Slavery and Westward expansion really set it off. Slavery had divided the United States from the beginning.
Introduction The hope for this research essay is to try to implement and understand the role of democracy in the case of the Korean War. This research essay will look in depth to see if democracy can truly prevent war and bring peace or if it is irrelevant in what causes war in the international realm. This concept is also known as the Democratic Peace Theory. The Democratic Peace Theory is probably the most popular theme or theory in trying to understand what causes war and what causes peace.
The first great-war shattered the human mind so profound that out of its aftermaths’ emerged a fresh discipline (in 1919 at the University of Whales known to us as International Relations) proposed to prevent war. “It was deemed by the scholars that the study of International Politics shall find the root cause of the worlds political problems and put forward solutions to help politicians solve them” (Baylis 2014:03). International Relations happened to play the role of a ‘correcting-mechanism’ restoring the world order of peace and amity by efforting at its best to maintain the worlds’ status quo. However with the emergence of a second world war much more massive that the first put at stake all the values of that young discipline of IR. The
Conflict resolution as a field of study as indicated has formed hypothetical bits of knowledge into the nature and source of conflict and how conflicts can be resolved through peaceful systems to effectuate a dependable settlement. Morton Deutsch, was the first to form and understanding into the helpful results of collaboration as a scholastic enquiry. In his view, various variables like the way of the debate and the objectives every group in a conflict goes for are crucial in deciding the sort of introduction a group would convey to the negotiation table in its endeavor to unravel the conflict (Morton Deucth, 1985, p.24). To him, two essential orientations do exist. These are competitive and cooperative.
As described earlier in the introduction part, I have recalled different courses of negotiation in my life from which I have tried to figure out my weaknesses and strengths. Before the negotiation course, I could only realize some of my capacity and limits, for example I might be good at emotional control and bad at active listening. I believed they were not all the weaknesses and strengths that I should realize. In addition, I found it hard to hone my strengths and improve my weaknesses because (i) I did not see negotiation in systematic viewpoint (ii) I have not had enough negotiation experiences. Thankfully, this course has shed the new light on the wide scope of negotiations and how they should be conducted.
I especially utilized Ewert’s five-stages of mediation, by preparing, introducing, framing the issues to the parties, determining the parties’ interests, and crafting solutions. Overall, I was extremely proud of the mediation and how passionate my disputants were. At the end of the mediation, my disputants were able to reach a collective solution where both parties’ interests were considered. Due to the positive result, I demonstrated many effective
“Conflict is a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power, and resources, in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure, or eliminate the rivals”. (L. Coser,
These are applied by the procedure to enhance the cause of conflict resolution; f) Mediation is a voluntary type of conflict management. This defines the challengers in an intractable issue, select whether to start or prolong mediation or not, and they keep their command over the result of their issue, with their autonomy to accept or refuse any elements of the procedure or the final contract, g) Mediation performs only on an ad hoc basis. Once completed, a mediator departs the field of the conflict. Third party mediation is not confined to mediation by superpower states, such as the United States or Russia. Mediation efforts by small and medium size powers are sometimes a good option (e.g. the Algerian mediation between the US and Iran regarding the American hostages).
3. Mediation Communications Mediator confidentiality for communications is essential to the success of mediation. But it is not an inviolable principle; there are certain cases where it will be encroached upon, lest in recognition of the public interest that a mediator fulfils. One way to approach this might be via a blanket rule with specific exceptions where society’s interest outweighs the interest of confidentiality. 3.1.