TAJIK LABOUR MIGRATION TO RUSSIA: A BOON OR A CURSE?
CAUSES OF TAJIK LABOUR MIGRATION TO RUSSIA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR SOCIETY, ECONOMY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF TAJIKISTAN
In the first decade of the twenty-first century, the inflow of remittances in Tajikistan from migrant workers has increased greatly: whereas in 2002, the inflow of remittances was only 79 million US dollar, in 2007, this amount has increased to 1.691 billion US dollars, making up 45.5% of the total GDP of the country. By far the most labour migrants went to Russia: in 2008, Russia received 98% of all the Tajiks who decided to work abroad. Most of the migrants were men (93.5%) and their median age is relatively low, only 32.4 years, with 24% of the migrants being
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In the Soviet era, a large part of the Tajik population was employed in large enterprises that worked closely together with suppliers and consumers from other parts of the Soviet Union. Specialists were attracted from other republics. After it became independent in 1991, a civil war broke out that nearly tore the country apart. Furthermore, unlike many of its neighbours, Tajikistan only has limited natural resources. As a result, the Tajik government could not provide basic services and a social safety net to its citizens, especially in rural areas. Most Russians had left the country during the 1990s. As subsistence farming is often impossible due to the mountainous geography of the country, people had to find other ways of survival. This lack of opportunities and even means of survival was a strong ‘push factor’ in Tajik labour migration. The fact that the Tajik population is very young (the median age is 23.5 years) and the country has a high birth rate (24.99 births/1000 population) only contributed to the labour surplus that exists in the …show more content…
The common Soviet heritage of Tajikistan and Russia made barriers for migration relatively low. Remittances have had a positive effect on purchasing power and health of the Tajik population, but the fact that Tajik women have to run the household alone for a long time has led to stress among Tajik women, and school dropout and child labour among Tajik children.
Unlike many other labour exporting countries, migration in the 2000s has not led to a brain drain in Tajikistan, since most of the migrants are low-skilled workers, and the visa-free regime has led to increased possibilities for Tajiks to receive education in Russia. However, remittances have made Tajik producers less competitive and inhibit economic reforms in the country. Its dependence on remittances has also given Russia more leverage over Tajikistan on the political field, as can be seen in Russian efforts to stimulate the country to join the EEU, under the threat of making labour migration more difficult if Tajikistan chooses to stays
Migration DBQ The United States of America has, and will always be, a country where immigrants and refugees can migrate to, internally and internationally, to vastly improve their lives. During the late 19th century in the US, there was a massive influx of immigrants from all over the world, as well as movement of people already living in the US to different areas. These people were primarily seeking better job opportunities due to numerous economic issues in foreign countries and social tensions in the post-Reconstruction US.
Back in the 20th century, Russia was a country known as the Soviet Union. On December 25, 1991, however, the Soviet Union came to an end. When the Soviet Union ended, the country was then renamed to Russia. In this essay, we will compare and contrast the Soviet Union with the current U.S and Russian governments. There are many differences between the Soviet Union and The Russian and U.S governments.
Due to several inabilities to cope with society, migrant families, with unfamiliarity of the land and language are strayed from opportunities and busied with their family needs. A country freedom for what its known, denies decent employment to incoming
This essay discusses black people in the 1900s and their thoughts on The Great Migration. Slaves had just been emancipated, however 64 years later the struggle for survival didn’t get any easier for them. Blacks in the south was drowning, and barely maintaining. Blacks in the north however, were doing more decent then people in the south. It was easier for northerner to get a job and afford education, southerners on the other hand could not, and in fact they work more in fight to live than survive.
The Great Migration started in 1916 and lasted up to the 1970s. The Great Migration was the relocation of millions of African Americans from the south to the cities of the north. This had a huge impact on the urban life in the U.S. Many people at this time were looking for jobs to provide food and a place to live for their family. But because of housing tensions many African Americans had to create their own homes within cities.
Migrating to a different country can be a very challenging and daunting feat. There are many reasons as to why someone would want to move, but one of the biggest motives is for new opportunities; more specifically new job opportunities. During the late 19th century there was an upsurge of job opportunities with the rise of industrialization. The exponentially increasing numbers of immigrants coming to America each day made it so that there were more workers than there were jobs. Factory owners are depriving their workers from a comfortable work setting and often dehumanize them.
Throughout African American History, there have been many migration concerning African Americans. From the Middle Passage, all the way to the Modern Migration that is happening right now. African Americans have been moved from where their African roots lies, to being moved all over the United States. These movements have done a great deal to African American History, as they have affected the customs that African Americans have practiced over time. These movements have been great in their own right, and the greatest one of all of them is the Great Migration.
The size of the USSR affected political boundaries, and was a contributing factor to the breakup of the USSR. The USSR was made up of fifth-teen Soviet Republics, spanning from Latvia to Tajik. Document A states: “In 1991 the Soviet Union
Afghanistan, contrary to popular belief was once a flourishing and beautiful sovereign state, which was eventually destroyed when the Soviet troops entered the country. The USSR entered Afghanistan to help the government fight the foreign mercenaries. The war with the USSR led to tremendous
Discussion Contrary to popular belief, migrants are not diseased people; however, the actual process of migrating, depending on the conditions encountered, makes migrants particularly susceptible to physical, environmental, social and psychological problems.5 In short, the migration process makes migrants and refugees vulnerable. Infectious and communicable diseases may spread in conditions where health hygiene and sanitation are poor. Likewise, the incidence of non-communicable diseases may be distributed inequitably due to the stresses of migration and the lack of access to the necessary medical services both in the countries of origin and the receiving states. Psychosocial illnesses like anxiety and depression from traumatic experiences, for example war, may lead to migrants having problems with substance abuse.
The evidence from Eastern European economics proves that they receive greatest benefit while comparing to Asia and Americas. Author also add that African countries can’t take benefits and do not have statistically significant impact of remittance on economic
Neoclassical Theory of Migration One of the oldest and most commonly used theory used to explain migration is the Neoclassical theory of Migration. Neoclassical Theory (Sjaastad 1962; Todaro 1969) proposes that international migration is connected to the global supply and demand for labor. Nations with scarce labor supply and high demand will have high wages that attract immigrants from nations with a surplus of labor. The main assumption of neoclassical theory of migration is led by the push factors which cause person to leave and the pull forces which draw them to come to that nation. The Neoclassical theory states that the major cause of migration is different pay and access to jobs even though it looks at other factors contributing to the departure, the essential position is taken by individual higher wages benefit element.
Labor sectors estimate the number of job seekers entering the labor market annually at around 700,000 and 800,000, which is considered a huge number compared to the production capacity of the Egyptian economy (Ghoneim, Ahmed). In addition, there is a great conflict between availability of skills and labor market requirements. The lack of qualified human capital implies that there is a mismatch between the outputs of the education system and the demands of the labor market, which results in high rates of unemployment reaching about 12% (Ghoneim, Ahmed). Hence, migration to other countries is regarded as an outlet for those unemployed. Egyptian migrants usually send back home remittances that represent one of the largest financial inflows to the country.
Transnational migration study is not a new phenomenon and it has been found that “this process is happening more regularly on a basic routine because of fast growing technology and the spread of globalization.” It is generally agreed that with the rapid acceleration of economic globalization, transnational trend has gradually become a global phenomenon. The convenient transportation and advanced technology have really helped to make the transnational process easier. Thus transnational immigrants can easily and frequently travel cross-borders in sending and receiving country. In this way, transnational immigrants experience different cultures, norms and values and they can also bring goods and investments to help them to incorporate into mainstream society.