1.1 INTRODUCTION
Job strain is the strain involved in the work. According to World Health Organization (WHO) job strain is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope. Job strain can occur when there is a discrepancy between the demands of the environment/workplace and an individual’s ability to carry out and complete these demands. Men and women are exposed to many of the same stressors. However, women may be more sensitive to interpersonal conflict whereas men might be more sensitive to things that waste time and effort. Furthermore, although men and women might not differ in overall strains, women are more likely to experience psychological distress, whereas men experience more physical strain. Desmarais and Alksnis suggest two explanations for the greater psychological distress of women. First, the genders differ in their awareness of negative feelings, leading women to express and report strains, whereas men deny and inhibit such feelings. Second, the demands to balance work and family result in more overall stressors for women that lead to increased strain.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. To find the impact of job strain among working women in Bangalore.
2. To identify what are the causes for job strain
1.3 REVIEW OF LITREATURE
(Kooper and Marmot, 2003). Job strain is distinct from job stress but these two
The authors make it a point to take the opposing side of the argument. Furthermore, women tend to work longer than who often suffer career-ending
Because “the ideology of Separate Spheres rested on a definition of the ‘natural’ characteristics of women and men,” women were considered best suited to the domestic sphere (Hughes). Due to the strengths of women, it was deemed that their job was to maintain the household. Additionally, women were viewed as weaker than men. Women were considered “physically weaker yet morally superior to men” (Hughes). Despite men’s advantage in physical strength, women were considered to have superior moral strength and thus emotional strength and fortitude.
Housewives suffered mentally, but did not understand why they felt empty and discontent with their lives because they were taught to feel fulfilled as being a mother and wife. Housewives assumed if there was a problem, it must have to do with their marriage or family life and were given advice by psychiatrists on how to improve their marriage and role as a mother. The psychological impact connected with their harsh treatment from society and other factors, which negatively contributed to women’s mental health. Furthermore, according to Erchull “Anxiety disorders and depression are twice as likely to affect women compared to men. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men.
Schmitt explains, “whatever the differences in men's and women's psyches—empathy, jealousy, cognitive abilities, mate preferences—many theories in psychology assume that they result primarily from direct gender socialization by parents, media, and societal institutions” (92). The way society expects the different genders to appropriate to current cultural standards and norms truly affects how people handle the stress in their lives. It is no secret that women are expected to act a certain way, especially when handling stress. Country singer
As for women who work, which mean increased the workforce participation showed lower levels of depression and women who had decided to stop working shows an increase in symptoms of depression (Wethington and Kessler as cited in Barnett and Hyde, 2001). From the study, it is clear that men who involve more in family role and women who work are not harmful. It is beneficial as reflected in mental health, physical health and even relationship health. Just like our respondent, both of her partner and her are working. Although they had to raise four children, they still manage to do it excellently.
Psychological Review, 107(3), 411-429. Turton, S., & Campbell, C. (2005). Tend and befriend versus fight or flight: Gender differences in behavioral response to stress among university students. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 10(4), 209-232. Wang, J., Korczykowski, M., Rao, H., Fan, Y., Pluta, J., Gur, R. C., McEwen, Bruce S., & Detre, J. A. (2007).
Another reason is the different respond between male and female. Women are more likely to seek medical help and admit illness which doctors are more likely to diagnose women as ill than men. It is mentioned that men are generally less likely to seek professional help than women by Featherstone, Rivett and Scourfield, 2007. Moreover, men take the higher rates of injury from accident because they engage in more physical risk-taking and accidents have always be a feature of masculine rather than feminine experience. The differences and gendered understandings of appropriate male or female behavior can be the explanation on the differences in the health experience.
The pressure put on men to provide for their families financially causes men to work more. As explained in Why Men Still Can't Have It All, by Richard Dorment, “Men in dual-income couples work outside the home eleven more hours a week than their working wives or partners do” (Dorment, 11). This results in stress and tension in the relationship. The pressure can also hold men back from pursuing other interests in terms of career options. Women are also limited in their careers under these gender roles.
Illness can lead to stress on the family unit and in some cases a permanent breakdown may occur (Thomson, et al., 2002). This can leave married women especially having to ‘reconstruct the home space’ in both the physical surroundings inside their home and also the location of their home (The National MS Society, 2015). The importance to reduce a woman’s dependency on others can leave women feeling more isolated than before. Women may be afraid to ask for help or care as doing this, reaffirms them of their burden within
The workplace had become a high stress environment in many organizations cutting across industries. Employees were experiencing high level of stress due to various factors
In this nation, the factors of workplace stress is deeply connected by age and gender, specifically the old men living stress-free lives in work compared to younger counterparts and females, who stress a considerately large amount at
Dr. Gray reveals about how men feel motivated when are needed, while women feel motivated when they feel appreciated. Dr. Gray also indicate about the rubber band theory where men tend to get isolate when stressed, should be given sufficient time for him to recover and come back and also if women pulls too tightly the coming back may not be that
) There are many different kinds of support given to workers in order to help them deal with stress. Here we will be looking at types of stress support given to employees as well as their stressors, by giving examples of these derived from the case study. Types of support given can include psychological support, cognitive support, employee assistance programs and physical support (Lehrer et al, 1994). Types of stressors that employees face are work overload, work-life balance, emotional and physical labor, job ambiguity and job demands (Danna & Griffin, 1999). Under psychological support there are various mediation and relaxation techniques that are used in order to help support employees suffering from stress.
Rarely anyone thinks to examine the concept of gender socialization that plays a huge part in this factor. Researchers have begun to wonder if the kind of psychosocial undertaking has anything to do with the differentiation of stress in males and females. A previous study explored the question above by revealing both genders to psychosocial stress tasks with highlighting achievement tasks or social rejection tasks. “The achievement task consisted of challenging mathematical tasks given under time pressure, with immediate verbal feedback provided by the audience. The social rejection task consisted of a faked discussion about how to get to know each other with two confederates of the investigator who posed as participants but who actually acted in a socially rejecting and ignorant way to the participants and their remarks” (Dedovic 49).