The Causes Of The Mfecane In South Africa
During the first two decades of the nineteenth century transpired in the centre of the Bantu-speaking inhabitants of South Africa a singular crisis that smashed tribes, scattered others and dashed the fragments into new combinations, as described by De Kiewiet. This catastrophe was called the Mfecane, which means ‘crushing’ by the Nguni-speaking people. The Sotho-Tswana speaking peoples called it the Difeqane or Lifeqane, meaning “the scattering of tribes” or the “forced migration”. The Mfecane or Difeqane was a great series of wars and raids initiated and perpetrated by the powerful amaZulu king, Shaka, during the 1820s and 1830s. Although it is difficult to chart the causes and the course of the Mfecane, most historians believe that the causes emerged in the early nineteenth century. However, there are few knowledgeable sources that were recorded in this period and they are only written by white missionaries, officials and travellers who lived in the nineteenth century. Therefore, these sources provide a one-sided picture that is based on their own misunderstandings and fixed ideas that described societies that were foreign to them. The word of mouth information is difficult to use because when chiefdom die its traditions dies with it; therefore, when new realisations rises oral traditions tend to be restructured so that they are appropriate to the new society. South African historians have advanced a range of theories as to what caused the Mfecane war. The purpose of
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