The Challenges Of Urbanization In The 21st Century
1. Introduction
1.1. Background to the Problem
One of the most salient features that characterize human civilization during the past millennium is accelerating urbanization. According to the United Nations (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/), more than half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and almost all-future global population growth will take place in urban areas. The world’s population will continue to urbanize even after it stops growing around 2050, and we have entered “the century of the city” (Anonymous, 2010). Higher levels of urbanization often correspond to higher levels of economic and social development at the national and regional scales, but urbanites usually have substantially greater and more diverse demands for resource consumption than agrarians, thus adversely affecting ecosystems and landscapes at the local and regional scales. During the past three decades, China’s urban population increased from 18% in 1978 to 52.6% in 2012 while the city ‘built-up area,’ doubled and residents increased by 2.5 times. The pace, depth, and magnitude of these changes, while bringing about benefits to local people and the global economy, are causing severe ecological stresses on both local human living conditions and regional life support systems. Facing ever increasing environmental challenges of urban flooding, heat island effects, haze and smoggy atmosphere, a new vision and new path of ecologically sound urbanization in governance, engineering and
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