Urban Sprawl Literature Review

Many people were promptly moving to the cities of the east and midwest. There was progress in the diversity of the labor force in the economy. These immigrants fulfilled the demand of the dramatic rise for factory labor. The expansion of the urban population due to the development and access to transportation helped stimulate new technological and industrial developments. By the mid-nineteenth century, reformers and architects began to call for a safer, ordered city than what was previously before (little central planning of a city).

The story was believable because in the story, it all makes sense. If there is a cure for aging, then there would be more people on the planet. People would still be able to die from car accidents, gunshot ( as illustrated in the story when Wehling shot two people and then himself), or even drowning, but no one died from old age. As a result of this, the population would grow because older folk would be able to live another hundred years, while at the same time, more babies are being brought into the world. The would of course try to solve this issue by controlling the population, which they did to forty million

Mission was labeled as one of the poorest neighborhoods in San Francisco about 25 years ago. With the dot com era, small businesses such as bodegas, 99 cent stores and rent controlled apartments are disappearing at an alarming rate. They

And that success story has put pressure on our housing stock. Coupled with ever-rising economic inequality, it has created a painful reality where more and more New Yorkers are spending more and more to cover their housing costs, and entire neighborhoods have lost their affordability…”(Nyc.gov, Mayor De’Blasio) The Mayor De Blasio Housing plan is to build affordable housing across the city providing 200,000 affordable housing units across the city. Shout out to Mayor Bill De Blasio for trying to bring everyone together into one big happy family. Where everyone will be able to afford housing and no one will have to blame the white people anymore...

As Figure1 presents above, the size of city and population grow overall in that specific time range. one of interesting fact in Figure 1. is that Detroit city formed first than San Francisco and slowly enlarged its functionality in the city, but in 1850yr, Government 's propaganda and new social movement such as Gold Rush, California dream and free for all idea influenced on this dramatic number in our data and figure 1 as well. Figure 4. will presents how big the movement was. And

As time as past, we see this polarization more clearly on the map than ever before. Liberals move to populous cities and states like New York City & California while conservatives move to more rural states and location such as Texas or Farmville Alabama. Fiorina argues that America is more polarized than ever. The evidence from “The Big Sort” shows us is that the real reason why we see more polarization today than before is because people are so mobile. Simply put, they live where they want to live.

The poor began to live near the center of the city while the rich moved to nice neighborhoods on the outskirts. More improvements came about that made living in the city more appealing. “Paved streets made urban areas much more livable… Beneath the streets, sewage systems made cities healthier places to live… In large cities, single-family middle-class homes gave way to multistory

Urbanization To what extent is urbanization a critical driver of social instability, failure of infrastructure, water crises & the spread of infectious diseases? Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. Urbanization can be a good impact to a country and has the ability to improve its economy and the life of people but it also has the ability to destroy the country and the life of all the people that exist there. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:

In recent decades, urban cities turned to become an attractive place for people from Different cultures to live in. This movement from different cultures to urban areas caused a significant change and development to urban cities and made it an extrovert area for different backgrounds. Cross (1989) defined culture as “ an integrated pattern of Human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious, or social group”(p.7). Nowadays, we are living and socializing with different cultures and backgrounds in urban areas, which lead to a significant change in our life. I believe that living in a cultural diversity city make us more extrovert and creative

CONTEXT This paper is written in the context of globalisation and informal settlements in Metro Manila. It discusses how the informal settlements face a competition for shelter with the wealthy class of the society because of the constant increase in land prices in the centre of the city. It makes two major arguments: the shelter crisis in developing countries is a major consequence of globalisation due to rising land values and increasing housing demands. And, the informal settlements created due to this are forgotten by the government, urban planners and policy-makers in the city.

Gentrification connotes the influx of wealthier people into an existing urban area and a related increase in the property value, rent, and changes in culture and character. More often, gentrification is negatively portrayed as the displacement of poor communities through the arrival of rich outsiders. Gentrification arises from an increased interest in a certain urban district leading to many wealthy people buying and renovating houses in the area. The real impacts of gentrification are often intricate, contradictory and vary depending on the type of urban center. In a way, gentrification has greatly altered American urban landscape over the years.

This refers to the population expanding into low-density areas, typically car-dependent. In the GTA, there are high-density, central urban areas like downtown Toronto, but the population is growing into large areas used for detached housing that require the usage of cars for transportation, like Richmond Hill. Such an urban sprawl would only naturally lead to an increase in cars, going from an estimated 2 million registered automobiles in 1987, to 2.75 million in 1999. In turn, from 1987 to 1999, this contributed to a 27% increase in gasoline input and 27% in carbon dioxide emissions.

Everyone, unless you happen to have the money or influence to redefine a piece of a system you don 't like. Gentrification is therefore widely viewed as sociological trend that reverses the phenomenon of white flight that was experienced when urban places were abandoned for relatively attractive rural housing to culturally fertile ground in the city set up. This is advanced by the professionals who work on white collar employment opportunities who prefer to live near their job. Increased tax revenues associated with gentrification increased property value is a positive economic boost especially occurring in cities making residential properties more attractive to professional and average income group of people displacing low income residents. According to Benjamin Schwarz research “Gentrification and Its Discontents”, “Both authors are consciously, unavoidably “in dialogue” with Jacobs, as Sorkin puts it, so it’s probably not surprising that the two broadly agree on what ails New York and how it should be remedied.

Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, many U.S. cities experienced sudden transformations. After World War II, many suburbs began to grow and develop across many U.S. cities. The suburbs represented a new modern and affluent life. However, the suburbs were very exclusive to certain people, mainly white, middle-class families. The inner city became entangled with cycles of poverty and urban decline.

At the close of the 19th century, expeditious advancement of the municipalities was a major factor in linking and dividing the political, social, and economic lives of the American citizens. At this time, cities created the way for people of different ethnicities and backgrounds to band together by living and working together in close quarters. The constant inflow of Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, and German immigrants generated a population that was diversified and was linked by their countries of origins universal financial quandary, social injustice, and the common goal to achieve the American Dream. Urban areas pulled in an assorted populace made up of many ethnicities from around the world. European immigrants filled America amid the late 19th century, pulled in by unrestrained stories of the great American way of life.