Literature Review On Creative Economy

1. Literature Review

2-1. The Idea of Creative Industry
This account takes a sixty year trip from ‘The Culture Industry’, through the ‘cultural industries’, ending at the ‘creative industries’. Its main theme is the tension between culture and economics which lies at the heart of this terminology. Hesmondhalgh (2007) underlines the importance of the change in terminology from ‘Culture Industry’ to ‘cultural industries’. It involved a conceptual shift that by the early 1980s had given rise to a more empirically based understanding of the complex structure and variable dynamics at work in the production of culture. The cultural industries, previously ignored or lumped with ‘the Arts’, were to become central to a new contemporary image for Britain

In fact, the terminological confusions and slippages are amongst the most important aspects of the question, because they bring into play a whole range of correspondences and tensions around the issues of culture, technology and economics (Hesmondhalgh, 2007).
Today the most frequently cited definition of the creative economy is from the UK Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). They define the creative economy as “those industries which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property” (DCMS, 1998). However, the most prominent idea of creative industry probably comes from John Howkins who published his idea on creative and innovation in 2001 through his book, ‘The Creative Economy’ and revised in 2013. Howkins model for creative industries are outlined 15

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) enlarging the concept of ‘creativity’ from activities having a strong artistic component to “any economic activity producing symbolic products with a heavy reliance on intellectual property and for as wide a market as possible” (UNCTAD, 2004). Definition is necessary for comprehensive policy making and the collection of comparable statistical data when the creative economy is nested within the whole economy (Bakhshi, et al, 2013).
Meanwhile, Indonesia define its creative economy closely related to creative industry; however, creative economy has broader coverage than creative industry. Creative economy is an ecosystem which has a dependency relationship between creative value chain; nurturance environment; market and archiving. Creative economy not only related to the creation of economy value added, but also creation of added value socially, culturally and environmentally. Hence, creative economy in addition to increase competitiveness, could also improve the quality of the