The emphasis on the issue of knowledge when tackling the history of architecture has increased in recent decades. Attention has grown to the sources and the nature of knowledge, that is implicit in the architectural achievements, starting from its morphogenetic process, during its adaptation through time, and until the emergence of new paradigm.
2.1.Critical Regionalism
Scholars have become aware of the importance of knowledge sources and nature, specifically, the natural and regional informing, and the mind setting of people in certain shared cultural models. This was when the international style of architecture emerged and prevailed in most of the world. Frampton, Kenneth (1983) criticizes the single world civilization. According to Frampton’s
…show more content…
A joint endeavor undertaken by scholars at the Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max Planck Institute for Art History in Rome, and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. The Epistemic History of Architecture, aims to tackle the theme of architecture as a historical form of knowledge. The object of study is not the building itself but rather the process of construction, to understand and incorporate implicit and explicit systems of knowledge. One of their researches is “Practice and science in early modern Italy building: Towards an epistemic history of Architecture”. …show more content…
In 1772 CE, the site of Meroe visited by the Scottish traveler James Bruce, while on his way down the Nile from Ethiopia. He passed the ruin field, and saw ‘heaps of broken pedestals and pieces of obelisks,’ leading him to write ‘It is impossible to avoid risking a guess that this is the ancient city of Meroe’ (Bruce 1790). In 1814, Burckhardt noticed the ruins of the town, but he underestimated their importance. In 1821 CE, two French scholars (Frédéric Cailliaud and Linant de Bellefonds) accompanied the army during the Turco-Egyptian conquest of the country and left valuable descriptions of the monuments of Meroe. The British traveler George Hoskins visited the site in 1833 CE, and one year later the Italian adventurer Giuseppe Ferlini, motivated by the previous accounts, destroyed many pyramids there in his fruitless search for ancient treasures. (Ahmed, S.M. and Welsby, D. (2010) P
His first excavation performed for about 39 days, and found some houses, pottery and wall art. 2. Ian Hodder, one of James Mellart’s student at the University of London, was inspired by James Mellart’s excavation and reopened excavations at Catalhoyuk in 1993. After reopening the excavation, he has worked with Turkish and international teams each summer. 3.
He encourages the reader to free oneself from official or commercial architecture which are influenced by the prejudice towards the late phases in architecture which are only concerned with a few selected cultures and turn a blind eye to underdeveloped countries and their alien architecture. He praises primitive architecture for its timelessness and its ability to serve its purpose to perfection with no room for improvement and regrets that the origin of these indigenous building forms and construction methods is lost in the past. Rudofsky then introduces Communal Architecture, ‘ art not produced by a few intellectuals or specialists but by the spontaneous and continuing activity of a whole people with a common heritage, acting under a community experience.’ The beauty of primitive architecture is often dismissed as accidental, but today we should recognize it as an art that developed from human intellect that was applied to handling practical issues and our problems are rooted in our tendency to accredit specialists who may have exceptional insight but are largely concerned with business and prestige. He challenges his readers on a fundamental level and exposes alternate and endangered forms of urban development, lifestyle, social spaces and practicality which we have not learnt from.
There are many similarities and differences between the classical Mayan (250-900 C.E.) and post-classical Byzantine (330-1453 C.E.) civilizations. Although these two distinct empires were separated by miles of ocean, they coexisted on this little planet. Both had strong systems of government, separation of social classes, strong religious institutions, unique economies, technological advances, and artistic ingenuity. The real differences, however, were the types of government, religion, social structures, economies, technology, and art both produced. In both Byzantine and Mayan societies, the government was intertwined with religion and social structure.
Comparison between the Tibetan nationality and the Hmong With the tendency of globalization, the entire world has become more familiar with each other in plenty aspects.. Almost all the countries try to learn some advanced knowledge and technology which is originate from other districts to help their own country to become stronger and more prosperous. However, all of them are not completely the same. They all have their own civilizations. Different societies rely on different lifestyles to exist.
The Pantheon and Brunelleschi 's Dome in Florence both share a common idea of the dome in ancient history. They were built and different times, the Pantheon and Brunelleschi 's Dome differ in both design and architecture. This paper is going to analyze the Pantheon in Rome and Brunelleschi 's Dome in terms of their constructional and design techniques, and their historical circumstances of the construction of them both. The Pantheon is one of the remaining and properly maintained buildings of the first century.
New designs have been adopted since the onset of architecture, and thus, with the concentration of a history of architecture, new phenomenon and innovations are realized that would help in further explanation and address of other necessities in the same sector. A concentration in the History of architecture and landscape architecture as a course incorporates more than one element of
Introduction Romanesque architecture started around 1000 to 1200 AD around the middle ages, extending from the decline of the Roman Empire until the begging of gothic architecture. It is one of the most influenced styles of architecture but also one of the most hard to characterize. Unlike other styles it developed independently in diverse locations such as Italy, Spain, England and France. Its characteristics come from the ancient roman architecture that developed into bigger prettier and more complex constructions. However, there are different views in where it spread first as well as where it got more influence from.
A civilization’s architecture not only shows the artistic skills of its designers and builders but also the functionality of its engineers, the power of its government, and the inventiveness of its people. Architecture was a crucial element to the success of two major cites in Europe, Rome and Athens. Each city had structures consisting of formal architecture like temples and basilicas showing the influence that its leaders had over each city, while utilitarian buildings like bridges and aqueducts helped build communication between distant cities throughout each empire. Though architecture as a whole was an important role in unifying the cities, the architecture design within each illustrates the similarities and differences between two.
Light is reflected of the aluminum to the interior walls of the vaults and softly illuminated the gallery space in a soft glow. While the building catches the eye with elements like white travertine walls and heavy concrete vaults, there is no doubt that the natural light illuminating the gallery is the aspect most likely to be considered monumental. This light effect would not be possible without the attention to structure given by Kahn and, therefore, gives merit to Kahn’s claim that monumentality is achieved through
Frank Lloyd Wright is considered to be the pioneer of modern architecture. He created an identity for American architecture, while rejecting Neoclassical and Victorian style designs. Wright called this “organic architecture”. It is architecture that is simple, yet modern and co-exists with architecture. He provided a new perspective on architecture and “The American Style”.
Gottfried Semper was a major figure in the field of Interior designing. He was an architect and an art critic who contributed majorly to the study of interiors .He proposed his ideas and thoughts in his book, “Four elements of architecture”, in the year 1952 and it was a huge success. In his book, he developed the theory that origin of architecture could be dated back to the primitive era when human civilization was at its peak. As compared to the modern ideology that architecture consists of structures made from materials, his theory revolved around the four main elements of the primitive era that were essential to human life.
Digital architecture involves the use of computer modelling, programming, simulation and imaging to create both virtual forms and physical structures. The ways in which architecture is formed, created, presented, and marketed is transforming – in relation to the transition to a digital society. Digital architecture allows complex calculations that delimit architects and allow a diverse range of complex forms to be created with great ease using computer algorithms. Architecture created digitally might not involve the use of actual materials (brick, stone, glass, steel, wood).
Tectonics is defined as the science or art of construction, both in relation to use and artistic design. It refers not just to the activity of making the materially requisite construction that answers certain needs but rather to the activity that raises this construction as an art form. It is concerned with the modeling of material to bring the material into presence - from the physical into the meta-physical world (Maulden, 1986). Since tectonics is primarily concerned with the making of architecture in a modern world, its value is seen as being a partial strategy for an architecture rooted in time and place therefore beginning to bring poetry in construction. Tectonics, however, has the capacity to create depth-ness of context resulting in the implicit story being told by the tectonic expression.
The style of the building and the purpose it is built give a brief and thoughtful storybook about the culture of the architect as art, generally, and architecture, particularly, is a language itself. Thus, buildings narrate the stories of the people among the history and tell their traditions and habits to the next generation through its design, inscriptions, and details. In this essay, I will discuss how both the style and function of the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon served as typical examples of their cultures in Athens and ancient Rome. In addition to the similarities and differences between these two cultures through the two buildings. Both the Greek and the Roman architecture inspired the cultures and architects until these days due to the diverse meaning they carry and symbolize in astonishing ways through the different orders, columns, roofs, friezes, and domes.
'We want to create the purely organic building, boldly emanating its inner laws, free of untruths or ornamentation. ' Walter Gropius Modernism design came in many forms from door handles to influential architectural feats. The Machine age made artists think differently and influence design today. In the following essay, I will analysis the work of Walter Gropius, an early modern German architect and how his designs had an impact on an improving society and his moral ideas. I will also discuss whether Modernist ideas and principles may still be relevant to contemporary design through the work of Gropius.