These negative experiences in educational institutes trigger a desire in Muslim students want to engage in homogenized friendships in order to be more comfortable and avoid discrimination by non-Muslim friends. According to Asmar, homogenized friendships protect Muslim students from the influence of perceived discrimination (as cited in Shammas, 2009, p.288). That is, when they only have Muslim friends, they are less likely to feel the pressure of being different and they don’t pay additional effort to explain themselves accurately. Moreover, Muslim students feel more protected from discrimination and comfortable in single faith friendships. Therefore, Shammas (2009) states that among Arab and Muslim students, the percentage of homogenized …show more content…
According to Steele (1997), there is a social-psychological threat called stereotype threat, which is able to influence the members of negatively stereotyped groups. When members of these groups are in areas where the stereotypes exist, they adopt the fear of falling to those stereotypes (p.614). Moreover, when they remain exposed to these stereotypes for a long period, they internalize them, and their personalities adopt the feeling of inferior (p.617). Therefore, marginalized groups feel less able and inferior in their educational capability too. As a result, Steele argues that they become less motivated and perform poorly in education (p.614). Muslim students in American educational institutions are clear examples of these stereotyped groups. Thus, as they are subject to more severe discrimination, they tend to have lower academic success. Nasir and Al-Amin (2006) state that Muslim students always feel the need to deal with others’ false views of Islam, and this process also reduces the energy that they have to devote to their lessons (p.25). Moreover, when faced with discriminative environment, these students disconnect themselves from campuses and schools in general. Muslim students report that especially prejudice and misunderstandings by their educators influence their educational performance directly. For example, Rashid, who is a Muslim student, had a bad relationship with his instructor and didn’t do some readings for his Islamic studies course because he thought that they misrepresented Islam. As a result, he got low grades for some other courses taught by his instructor (Nasir and Al-Amin, 2006,
Even if the stereotype is correct in some cases, constantly putting someone down based on your preconceived perceptions will not encourage them to succeed. Instead, it will bring them down. Down so far that it may lead to depression, suicide, bullying, or bad grades. I remember in movies when you saw the tables at lunch, where stereotypes were the reason that kids got bullied at lunch. They scared me.
The self-fulfilling prophecy is a concept that I have always found fascinating. It is difficult to understand how the expectations of others can have such an influence in one’s performance at work or school, but there are numerous researches that indicate a relationship between teachers’ expectations and their students’ performance. Teachers’ expectations are not the only source of influence in students’ performance. In the Independent Lens film American Denial, first aired by Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) on February 23, 2015, the authors explain how stereotypes have a strong impact in education.
Stereotype threat is the fear of confirming a stereotype that has to do with your identity. In Steele’s book, he writes that these threats effect even the advantaged groups. He writes about a white student named Ted McDougal in an African American political science class with primarily black people in it. (85&86) This threat caused him to be hesitant with his thoughts and questions while also feeling excluded from the group.
In the second chapter of the book, Whistling Vivaldi, the author, Claude M. Steele, makes a number of fair assessments on how people’s prejudices and preconceived notions can interfere with someone’s ability to live up to their full potential. Even those who don’t notices these preconceptions can be unintentionally placing them on others, unwittingly experiencing them, or both. There are several key points that Steele raises in his writings which reinforce the aforementioned thoughts, one being that the students are unconsciously aware of the biases they place on themselves, another element is that when students feel bigotry being placed upon them, they oftentimes underperform, and lastly the lack of balance which can be found in experiments.
This academic journal defines and goes in depth about stereotype threat. In the beginning of the journal, the authors give real life example of stereotype threats and how they negative affect people. They then go on to define what stereotype threat is. The rest of the journal explores the psychology behind stereotype threat and why people continue to fall victim to it. I picked this article people it spoke about and explained stereotype threat in an educational and scientifically way, while still making it easy to understand.
In many ways we stereotype people based on their characteristics and tend to judge them in a positive and negative manner depending on, the different types of the out-groups we place them in. Such as envied out-group, pitied out-group and despised out-group. When we restrict interactions with out-groups. Dominant groups limit social interaction with out-groups which maintains group boundaries and limit access to out-group members. These limitations are useful, when the law is put out or unbreakable by spatial boundaries and physical segregation.
This article relates to these concepts in Chapter 9 of the textbook: stereotype and prejudice. Stereotype:
One law that affected immigrants was the immigration act of 1996 (Mandell & Schram, pg. 296). A second law that caused “panic in the immigrant community, was the personal responsibility act” (Mandell & Schram, pg. 296). California proposition 227 was intent on “eliminating bilingual education across the country” (Mandell & Schram, pg. 307). Proposition 209 was also another act that impacted affirmative action.
According to Joshua Aronson in his article “The Threat of Stereotype”, one of the reasons that minorities sometimes do worse is because of the stereotype threat. The stereotype threat can be summed up as if you constantly hear you are worse at something, even if it is because the color of your
Stereotype Threat on College Campus To most of the Americans, education has a pivotal role in improving social mobility. It allows everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, background, to access equal ability and opportunity to succeed. However, it is really the case when our campus is full of stereotype threat? According to Whistling Vivaldi by Claude Steele, stereotype threat is the pressure or risk of conforming to negative stereotypes related to one’s identity. Distracted by the threat, we would perform much weaker in class, and choose to live on a much limiting life unconsciously.
Spread of negative stereotypes Negative stereotypes have been created by us, as a society, we have allowed ourselves to live with this misconceptions that impact all of us in a certain way. We have contributed to those beliefs that say that social status, income class and ethnicity define our identity. In fact, we have been and also have prejudged others at a certain point in our lives, we prejudge people we don’t know and also the ones we think we know like our own family members. In “The Achievement of Desire” by Richard Rodriguez he discusses his personal experience on how he stereotyped himself and also his family.
Because of racial profiling based on religion, students are being discriminated unjustly in their educational environment. On September 14th, 2015, Ahmed Mohamed, a Muslim freshman of a high school, was arrested from his school because he brought a commercial digital clock, what he invented, to show his English teacher because he wanted to show her something smart. But she got it wrong because she thought it was a bomb. That’s why she impounded the project and sent him to the principal’s office. After that the school authority called the police and as a result he was arrested.
The amount of influence is critical to understanding why people of color fall victim to self-fulfilling prophecy. Rosenthal and Jacobson developed a theory that demonstrates how self-fulfilling prophecy effects students. This study teachers were led to believe that Harvard identified “intellectual blooming” in students that performed poorly in previous years. Teachers were tasked with supporting this young minds, by the end of the school year these identified late bloomers had an increase in IQ scores. This study, shows that beliefs were negative or positive come into being when people are lead to believe them true.
Westover, who was home-schooled by her father, struggled in college classes that assumed a basic knowledge of Western history and philosophy. For example, in her history class, she expected to learn about the Founding Fathers but was surprised to find out that the professor focused on philosophical underpinnings and the writings of Cicero and Hume, names she never had heard of. When the professor gave a quiz on the readings, Westover failed every question, demonstrating how her lack of prior knowledge impacted her academic performance. Fifthly, it can contribute to conflicts related to beliefs.
In today’s society, individuals and groups are labeled with either positive or negative stereotypes. People encounter stereotypes everyday and everywhere. It is the picture people paint in their minds when approaching a group or individual when in fact it may be different in reality. Stereotypes affect a person’s way of living and thinking either in a negative or positive way. Stereotypes are based on truth but in an exaggerated way, while misconceptions are formed from having stereotypes.