1. Introduction
1.2 Background of the Study
1.2.1 The German 19th Century
Many authors have long been discussing the radical changes the German 19th century underwent in all aspects. Mojtahedi, the author of German philosophy: from Luther to Nietzsche, maintained that in the 19th century, philosophy flourished and deeply perused in Germany, hence, the European thought was illuminated by the German philosophy (S. M. Mousavi, personal communication, March 15, 2015).
The studies carried out in this scope have been mostly devoted to very specialized topics, hence, the period needs a broader and distinguished attention. Seyhan (2010) puts it in different words and says:
Although a tremendous amount of scholarship on the critical legacy of early
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Since translation is inevitably involved in representing source country or culture, various elements should be considered in the process.
As said above, German literary and philosophical traditions are the root of the tree of translation theory (Venuti, 2004). Therefore, we get to another important matter, namely, literary translation.
Literary translation is a phenomenon which enables people of different nations with different cultural backgrounds, to read and appreciate other languages’ literary works. Thus a good translation will enrich the literary works of the target language (Haque, 2012). In contrast, the bad translation will certainly degrade both the original and the target language’s literary works (Ning, 2008).
It is true that, throughout the history of translation, literary works have been considered as the most difficult task, since literary works are composed of arbitrary aesthetic signs and even cultural aspects of the original language (Shiyab, 1999). In other words, Ning (2008) believes that “literature is, first of all, an art of language” (p. 79). In his viewpoint, he also states, “literary translation should be considered as the highest phase of translation practice” (p.
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The plant must spring again from its seed, or it may bear no flower and this is the burthen of the curse of Babel (as cited in Bassnett & Lefevere, 1998, p. 58).
Many studies have been conducted on poetry translation so far but very few ones have been non-empirical, Bassnett (2014) believes. Furthermore, she adds that mostly, the searches on the translation and poetry are devoted to investigating the different problems of poetry translation. Many of the studies in this scope are comparisons between two or more translations or personal judgments on solving these problems (Bassnett, 2014).
Translating poetry is of high significance due to its challenges. The studies in this regard, as put by Bassnett (2014), are many but the ones with high methodological values are very few. Hence, she calls scholars for more studies
The peasant revolts in the German states from 1524-1526 were caused primarily by the extended manipulation of many Lutheran ideals, as well as grievances toward their lords and superiors, while the responses of this revolt were solely condemning of those participating. The compassionate doctrines of the recently introduced lutheran doctrines provided much justification for the Peasant revolts of the 1520’s. Documents one and three demonstrate this idea of Lutheranism. Document one is of Leonhard von Eck, the Chancellor of Bavaria as he reports to the Duke of Bavaria.
Plan of Investigation This investigation seeks to identify the qualities and characteristics of Martin Luther, which are truly indicative of The Protestant Reformation in Europe. The body of the investigation describes the significant events in the life of Martin Luther, that impacted the era. The specific characteristics that he exhibited will be identified, examined and analyzed. During the Protestant Reformation society started to question the ideas of the church. Reformers started to expose the church for their acts such as the selling of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and much more.
During the years 1880-1920 there were many issues because of urbanization and industrialization. The industrial revolution brought many new job opportunities with low wages making companies focus on women and children. These opportunities were available but at a cost, they were paid less and they were forced to work up to ten hours. The industrial giants made labor a tough and unfair lifestyle. They wanted more riches, but they were making people suffer in order to obtain the money.
In the early 1500s there were both economic and religious causes of German peasants revolts along with negative and positive responses to these rebellions. Germany in the early 1500s was fragmented by religion and social class. Revolts among the lower classes became relevant after the Renaissance, the posting of Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517, and after the Edict and Diet of Worms in 1521. Since the idea of humanism and the formation of the Protestant branch of religion, the peasants of Germany were dissatisfied with their religious and economic lives which led to revolts. As a result, several world leaders opinionated their different views which consisted of wether the rebellions in Germany were harmful or beneficial to the community.
In the Protestant Reformation many reformists used different tactics, that evolved the Protestant reformation stand point in society. Martin Luther was one of the many who pioneered the movement and, thus allowing for they’re to be a voice for Protestants. While on the other hand reformist Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt followed similar paths as Luther, but he was not as successful. Thesis Statement: The different methods that Luther, Muntzer, and Karlstadt used to approach the Protestant Reformation will be a leading factor, of how well they progress individually on their paths to creating a new interpretation of what the Catholic Church once taught them.
Steven Ozment is a history teacher at the Harvard University and has published several books such as The Burgermeister’s Daughter, and The Age of Reform. He has been awarded the Schaff History Prize and was a finalist for the National Book Award. Ozment’s work in The Burgermeister’s Daughter delivers a compelling narrative about woman struggles against social prejudice, and the justice system in Germany during the sixteenth century. Ozment does a great job creating a chronological discussion throughout his book which is easy to understand and follow along. Also throughout the book Ozment presents several morals that are not normally viewed when looking at historical records.
Sebastian Haffner, in his memoir Defying Hitler, describes the rise of National Socialism within Germany during the interwar years that were plagued with thoughts of war, poverty and defeat. Lives that previously had purpose and were connected through mass culture surrounding the ‘Great War’, were now barren. This war-ravaged void left behind from World War One, that had been previously placated by political headlines, war reports, stock quotes and sport statistics, left the German people deprived of any personal fulfilment and balance within their private lives. This deprivation allowed Hitler’s nationalist message, and propaganda for the Nazi regime, to pervade German thoughts, winning a battle over the German minds. This battle, as Haffner
What the Nazis referred to as the ‘national socialist revolution’ was the elimination of political opposition and Hitler using what was good in the German past, while rejecting what he saw as bad. (Evans) During this era of Nazi dominance within Germany, Hitler tried to spark a cultural revolution by means of purging parts of its past to emphasize Nazi ideology and virtues through the destruction of literature deemed unsatisfactory or unacceptable. The goal of this revolution was to preserve German socialism within German culture by gaining support from the German people, which in turn created a total culture that strengthened the Nazi regime. In addition, an article from the Modern Humanities Research Association remarks, “... the German Enlightenment, is referred to more than once in condemnation of any attempt to destroy the spirit of opposition through the destruction of a book…”
As a result, Bierstadt’s use of point of view effectively displays the excitement with Western expansion, but also the fear and uncertainness that came along with
The late 18th to early 19th century was a period of significant change in European history, with the advent of various ideologies that brought about radical transformations in people's lives. Democracy, nationalism, and industrialization were some of the key ideologies that emerged during this time. These changes had a significant impact on people's lives, as they had to contend with grueling working conditions, lack of basic amenities like electricity, running water and central heating, and a lifestyle that was dictated by the hours of daylight. However, the period also witnessed notable cultural developments, especially in the United States.
However, Mendelsohn’s ideas at times met both praise and consternation. Praise arose from Prussia for his writings on mathematics and German philosophy, conferring on him the status of “protected Jew.” Meanwhile, Swiss theologian Johann Lavater amazed at Mendelsohn 's erudition and rational
The writer refers to “translating this corrupted language of my body, the dark, bitter words of my heart into the pure language of that other place.” to portray that she is invoking a change within herself as she overcomes the hurdle that came with moving to Australia. Through the use of metaphor and symbolism, the writer employed allegories to explain how the corrupted language represents her struggle to express herself in a way that others can understand. The quote symbolizes how the poet is slowly repairing herself, referring to her troubles overcoming the language barrier, associating complex emotions that demonstrate the challenges of forming a cultural identity through the use of language. The poet states that “the blue plumbago, waving definitely through the natives, the climbing white jasmine rampant over the fence, and the mulberry tree, the foreigner so completely at home, growing taller each year,” Narrating her troubles in grasping onto a new environment reveals the difficulties of creating a connection when there are issues in communication.
In the eighteenth century a new period of change swept across Europe because of previous intellectual developments as well as some very strong and independent people who stood up against common belief. The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century was like nothing that had ever occurred in Europe, shortly after the Scientific Revolution, this period was classified as a period where intellectuals “dared to know”. Even though the effects of this period mostly affected the elite few that were able to read, the effects would affect everyone. This period focused on looking back at previous discoveries and making one’s own opinion as well as sharing it with other intellectuals. Before this period could emerge several other intellectual developments
Through the words reflecting melancholy and sorrow, we can sense the narrator's self destruction due to the death of the woman he loved. As one examines the figurative language of the poem, one finds that its form and
A translator may subject him-/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, or to the norms active in the target culture, or in that section of it which would host the end product. Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language. Different theorists state various definitions for translation.